Systemic low-grade inflammation in post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review

Speer, Kathryn E.; Upton, Dominic; Semple, Stuart; McKune, Andrew J.

doi:10.2147/jir.s155903

Cited by 142 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(88 reference statements)

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“…However, this equilibrium can be lost by impairment of any of these systems. In this regard, NF-κB activation by low-grade inflammation can be especially relevant as it has been reported in virtually all chronic age-related diseases, from metabolic disturbances, like diabetes mellitus, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome, to neurodegenerative, musculoskeletal, renal, cardiovascular, pulmonary, intestinal, and even behavioural diseases (Rosa, Judas, Lopes, & Mendes, 2008;Scarpellini & Tack, 2012;Speer, Upton, Semple, & McKune, 2018;Zhu, Armstrong, Tchkonia, & Kirkland, 2014). Interestingly, ageing and age-related diseases have also been associated with impaired circadian expression of core-clock genes and CCGs and impaired SIRT1 activity (Kondratov, Kondratova, Gorbacheva, Vykhovanets, & Antoch, 2006;Musiek et al, 2018;Wang et al, 2018).…”

Section: The Circadian Clock System In Health and Molecular Mechanimentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of determining circadian parameters in pharmacological studies

Gaspar

Álvaro

Carmo‐Silva

et al. 2019

British J Pharmacology

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In mammals, most molecular and cellular processes show circadian changes, leading to daily variations in physiology and ultimately in behaviour. Such daily variations induce a temporal coordination of processes that is essential to ensure homeostasis and health. Thus, it is of no surprise that pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of many drugs are also subject to circadian variations, profoundly affecting their efficacy and tolerability. Understanding how circadian rhythms influence drug PK, PD, and toxicity might significantly improve treatment efficacy and decrease related side effects. Therefore, it is essential to take circadian variations into account and to determine circadian parameters in pharmacological studies, especially when drugs have a short half‐life or target rhythmic processes. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on circadian rhythms and their relevance to the field of pharmacology. Methodologies to evaluate circadian rhythms in vitro, in rodent models and in humans, from experimental to computational approaches, are described and discussed. Lastly, we aim at alerting the scientific, medical, and regulatory communities to the relevance of the physiological time, as a key parameter to be considered when designing pharmacological studies. This will eventually lead to more successful preclinical and clinical trials and pave the way to a more personalized treatment to the benefit of the patients.

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Section: The Circadian Clock System In Health and Molecular Mechanimentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of determining circadian parameters in pharmacological studies

Gaspar

Álvaro

Carmo‐Silva

et al. 2019

British J Pharmacology

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“…A number of reviews have also been published that discuss the inflammatory changes in a human PTSD model. In particular, articles investigated inflammation as observable through specific serum inflammatory markers that are known to be in association with PTSD [21,22] and conducted meta-analysis and meta-regression [23] as to summarize elevated systemic levels of oxidative stress and inflammation in individuals with PTSD as compared to healthy controls. However, reviews on the topic of inflammation and PTSD have demonstrated inconsistent findings, which have been suggested to be the result of the heterogeneity of the disorder.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammation in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Review of Potential Correlates of PTSD with a Neurological Perspective

2020

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic condition characterized by symptoms of physiological and psychosocial burden. While growing research demonstrated signs of inflammation in PTSD, specific biomarkers that may be representative of PTSD such as the detailed neural correlates underlying the inflammatory responses in relation to trauma exposure are seldom discussed. Here, we review recent studies that explored alterations in key inflammatory markers in PTSD, as well as neuroimaging-based studies that further investigated signs of inflammation within the brain in PTSD, as to provide a comprehensive summary of recent literature with a neurological perspective. A search was conducted on studies published from 2009 through 2019 in PubMed and Web of Science. Fifty original articles were selected. Major findings included elevated levels of serum proinflammatory cytokines in individuals with PTSD across various trauma types, as compared with those without PTSD. Furthermore, neuroimaging-based studies demonstrated that altered inflammatory markers are associated with structural and functional alterations in brain regions that are responsible for the regulation of stress and emotion, including the amygdala, hippocampus, and frontal cortex. Future studies that utilize both central and peripheral inflammatory markers are warranted to elucidate the underlying neurological pathway of the pathophysiology of PTSD.

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“…A 2018 systematic review of literature explored the possible association between PTSD and low-grade inflammation. Speer, Upton, Semple, and McKune (2018) found evidence for the presence of inflammatory biomarkers that were elevated across included studies in the varied PTSD groups but not in the control groups.…”

Section: Ptsd As a Neuroinflammatory Contributormentioning

confidence: 92%

Remediation of PTSD in a Combat Veteran: A Case Study

Lindenfeld¹,

Rozelle²,

Hummer

et al. 2019

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The posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) condition is a systemic neuroinflammatory state that emanates from a failure to recover from traumatic occurrence(s). Major complications associated with PTSD include problems with impulse control and issues related to verbal and physical outbursts of anger and rage. The Veteran's Administration (VA) projects a post-9/11 veteran population of around 3.5 million by 2019. Emotional problems are prevalent among combat service members and veterans with about half of the group suffering from various symptoms of PTSD. Three in four among them report they are reliving traumas in the form of flashbacks and nightmares. Current mental health treatments have not fully remediated the negative impact that results from PTSD. We present a case study of a novel and transformative treatment approach called Reconsolidation Enhancement by Stimulation of Emotional Triggers (RESET) Therapy. The intervention uses binaural sound to unlock the memory reconsolidation process, thereby releasing the emotional component of experienced trauma. RESET Therapy offers a compelling therapeutic adjunct to the practicing biofeedback/neurofeedback clinician, who is under constant pressure to deliver interventions that are rapid, tolerable, and cost-effective. Additionally, the treatment spares the therapist from repeated exposures to the raw limbic activity of traumatized patients, thereby minimizing the potential for vicarious traumatization.

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Systemic low-grade inflammation in post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review

Cited by 142 publications

References 40 publications

The importance of determining circadian parameters in pharmacological studies

The importance of determining circadian parameters in pharmacological studies

Inflammation in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Review of Potential Correlates of PTSD with a Neurological Perspective

Remediation of PTSD in a Combat Veteran: A Case Study

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