Systemic inflammatory markers and psychophysical olfactory scores in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: is there any correlation?

Vaira, Luigi Angelo; Vito, Andrea De; Deiana, Giovanna; Pes, C.; Giovanditto, Federica; Fiore, Vito; Lechien, Jérôme R.; Saussez, Sven; Policicchio, Domenico; Boccaletti, Riccardo; Madeddu, Giordano; Babudieri, Sergio; Pazzola, Antonio; Bandiera, Franco; Fois, Alessandro Giuseppe; Piana, Andrea; Hopkins, Claire; Riu, Giacomo De

doi:10.1017/s0022215121001651

Cited by 20 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…However, no clinical, epidemiological or laboratory risk factors have yet been identified [32,33]. In this study including 288 patients with COVID-19 OD, it is confirmed that no clinical or epidemiological factor predicts the evolution of OD at 2 months.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Predictive factors of smell recovery in a clinical series of 288 coronavirus disease 2019 patients with olfactory dysfunction

Saussez

Sharma

Thiriad

et al. 2021

Euro J of Neurology

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Background and purpose The aim was to evaluate potential predictive factors of smell recovery in a clinical series of 288 patients presenting olfactory dysfunction (OD) related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Potential correlations were sought between epidemiological, clinical and immunological characteristics of patients and the persistence of OD at 60 days. Methods COVID‐19 positive patients presenting OD were prospectively recruited from three European hospitals. Baseline clinical and olfactory evaluations were performed within the first 2 weeks after OD onset and repeated at 30 and 60 days. In a subgroup of patients, anti‐severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) antibodies were measured in serum, saliva and nasal secretions at 60 days. Results A total of 288 COVID‐19 patients with OD were included in the study. Two weeks after the onset of the loss of smell, 52.4% of patients had OD on psychophysical tests, including 113 cases (39.2%) of anosmia and 38 cases (13.2%) of hyposmia. At 60‐day follow‐up, 25.4% of the patients presented persistent OD. There was no significant correlation between sex, age, viral load on nasopharyngeal swab or COVID‐19 severity and poor olfactory outcome. In a subgroup of 63 patients, it was demonstrated that patients with poor olfactory outcomes at 60 days had lower levels of salivary and nasal immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgG1, but similar levels of antibodies in the serum. Conclusions No clinical markers predicted the evolution of OD at 60 days. Patients with poor olfactory outcome at 60 days had lower saliva and nasal antibodies, suggesting a role for local immune responses in the persistence of COVID‐19 related OD.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Predictive factors of smell recovery in a clinical series of 288 coronavirus disease 2019 patients with olfactory dysfunction

Saussez

Sharma

Thiriad

et al. 2021

Euro J of Neurology

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“…It has not yet been clarified what the frequency of persistent disturbances is in these groups of individuals, but if the prevalence recorded in cases of primary infection were confirmed, it would mean that this problem may not end with the immunization of the population. Second, the identification of the pathogenesis [54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] and risk factors [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][62][63][64][65][66][67][68] for the development of persistent CD are in its infancy. For this reason, no effective therapies have yet been found for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 related POD and PGD [69][70][71][72][73][74][75].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Persistent Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunctions on Quality of Life in Long-COVID-19 Patients

Vaira

Gessa

Deiana

et al. 2022

Life

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(1) Background: Persistent olfactory (POD) and gustatory (PGD) dysfunctions are one of the most frequent symptoms of long-Coronavirus Disease 2019 but their effect on the quality of life (QoL) of patients is still largely unexplored. (2) Methods: An online survey was administered to individuals who reported to have had SARS-CoV-2 infection at least 6 months prior with persisting COVID-19 symptoms (using the COVID symptom index), including ratings of POD and PGD, and their physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) components of quality of life were assessed using the standardized short form 12 questionnaire (SF-12). (3) Results: Responses from 431 unique individuals were included in the analyses. The most frequent persistent symptoms were: fatigue (185 cases, 42.9%), olfactory dysfunction (127 cases, 29.5%), gustatory dysfunction (96 cases, 22.3%) and muscle pain (83 cases, 19.3%). Respondents who reported persisting muscle pain, joint pain, fatigue, headache, gastrointestinal disturbances, and dyspnea had significantly worse PCS. Those experiencing persistent fatigue and dyspnea also showed significantly lower MCS. Respondents reporting POD or PGD showed significantly worse QoL, but only pertaining to the MCS. Multiple regressions predicted MCS based on olfactory and marginally on gustatory ratings, but not PCS. Age significantly affected the prediction of PCS but not MCS, and gender and temporal distance from the COVID-19 diagnosis had no effect. (4) Conclusions: POD and PGD are frequent symptoms of the long-COVID-19 syndrome and significantly reduce QoL, specifically in the mental health component. This evidence should stimulate the establishment of appropriate infrastructure to support individuals with persistent CD, while research on effective therapies scales up.

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“…Despite numerous reports describing rates of smell recovery, very little information exists regarding the factors associated with recovery vs. non-recovery. Few have investigated this phenomenon, and to date almost no clinical, epidemiological, or laboratory markers have been identified [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] . In their study of prospectively recruited patients from 3 European centers, Saussez and colleagues examined patterns of recovery among 288 patients within 60 days of onset of olfactory dysfunction [23] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictors of smell recovery in a nationwide prospective cohort of patients with COVID-19

Coelho

Reiter

Budd

et al. 2022

American Journal of Otolaryngology

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Objective To determine which factors (demographic, symptoms, comorbidities, and treatments) are associated with recovery of smell in patients with COVID-19 associated olfactory loss. Study design Prospective, longitudinal questionnaires. Setting National survey. Methods A longitudinal web-based nationwide survey of adults with COVID-19 associated smell and taste loss was launched April 10, 2020. After completing an initial entry survey, participants received detailed follow-up questionnaires 14 days, and 1, 3 and 6 months later. Results As of June 25, 2021, 798 participants met study inclusion criteria and completed 6-month questionnaires. Of demographic characteristics only age <40 years was positively associated with smell recovery ( p < .003). Of symptoms, difficulty breathing was negatively associated with smell recovery ( p < .004), and nasal congestion positively associated with smell recovery ( p < .03). Of pre-existing comorbidities only previous head injury ( p < .017) was negatively associated with smell recovery. None of the queried medications used to treat COVID were associated with better rates of smell recovery. Conclusions Age <40 and presence of nasal congestion at time of COVID-19 infection were predictive of improved rates of smell recovery, while difficulty breathing at time of COVID-19 infection, and prior head trauma predicted worsened rates of recovery. Further study will be required to identify potential mechanisms for the other observed associations. Such information can be used by clinicians to counsel patients suffering COVID-19 associated smell loss as to prognosis for recovery.

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Systemic inflammatory markers and psychophysical olfactory scores in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: is there any correlation?

Cited by 20 publications

References 41 publications

Predictive factors of smell recovery in a clinical series of 288 coronavirus disease 2019 patients with olfactory dysfunction

Predictive factors of smell recovery in a clinical series of 288 coronavirus disease 2019 patients with olfactory dysfunction

The Effects of Persistent Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunctions on Quality of Life in Long-COVID-19 Patients

Predictors of smell recovery in a nationwide prospective cohort of patients with COVID-19

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