Systemic inflammatory burden and local inflammation in periodontitis: What is the link between inflammatory biomarkers in serum and gingival crevicular fluid?

Abstract

In periodontitis patients, high levels of several inflammatory markers may be expressed in serum, reflecting the effect of local disease on the general health. The objective of the present analysis was to compare cytokine levels assessed in peripheral blood with those in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and evaluate the impact of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on the incidence of high levels of 12 biomarkers in serum. Twenty‐four patients with chronic periodontitis (Group P) contributed with serum and GCF samples at baseline (BL) and 1 and 3 months after periodontal treatment (M1 and M3). Samples were assessed for 12 cytokines using the Bio‐Plex bead array multianalyte detection system. For each analyte, peak values were calculated as greater than the mean + 2 SD of the one found in 60 periodontally healthy participants. Significant correlations between serum and GCF values were obtained in the periodontitis group for interleukin (IL) 1ra, IL‐6, and interferon γ at BL and for macrophage inflammatory protein 1β at M3 after treatment. Periodontitis subjects were found to exhibit high peaks for several inflammatory markers in serum. The highest incidence of peaks at BL was found for interferon γ (37.5% of the periodontitis subjects). For the four biomarkers with a detection frequency of >75% at BL (IL‐1ra, IL‐8, macrophage inflammatory protein 1β, and vascular endothelial growth factor), no significant difference was observed over time for the P group or between the two groups at BL. The significant correlation found between the serum and the GCF for certain cytokines and the fact that periodontitis subjects exhibit high peaks for several inflammatory markers in serum may support the hypothesis that the inflammatory reaction due to periodontitis is not restricted to the diseased sites. Within the limitations of the study, periodontal therapy did not seem to have any significant impact on the systemic cytokine levels.

Coniferyl Aldehyde Inhibits the Inflammatory Effects of Leptomeningeal Cells by Suppressing the JAK2 Signaling

“…Several inflammatory markers can be highly expressed in the serum of PD patients for a long time. Periodontal therapy did not seem to have any significant impact on the systemic cytokine levels [ 46 ]. That means leptomeningeal immune reaction will continue to persist in patients with chronic PD, even if they are asymptomatic in the face of cognitive impairment.…”

Periodontal Disease in Patients Receiving Dialysis

“…Indeed, both of TNF-α and IL-8 levels in the gingival crevicular fluids of HD patients with periodontitis were reportedly not significantly different compared to patients with gingivitis ( p = 0.213 and 0.823, respectively) [53]. However, we should also note that IL-1ra, IL-6, and interferon-γ levels in gingival crevicular fluids were significantly correlated to serum levels, whereas TNF-α and IL-8 were not identified in the serum of periodontitis patients with normal renal function, [74]; however, similar analyses have not been performed in HD patients to date. Thus, the pathological roles of TNF-α and IL-8 in periodontal disease in HD patients are not fully understood.…”

Periodontitis Impact in Interleukin-6 Serum Levels in Solid Organ Transplanted Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Additionally, inflammation has a critical effect on the grafted organs fate [52]. When local inflammation occurs, several proinflammatory immune mediators, such as IL-6, are expressed and systemically dumped into circulation, triggering the effects on distant organ systems [53]. Uncontrolled resolutions of the inflammatory process have an enormous impact in this context [46].…”