Systemic Hypertension

Sinha, Manish D.; Reid, Christopher

doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-3064-2.00062-x

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 322 publications

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“…2) Blood Pressure: The "gold-standard" blood pressure measurement is performed using a mercury sphygmomanometer, which contains a cuff and a mercury manometer [26][27]. Due to the environmental impact of mercury, modern sphygmomanometers use alternative manometers.…”

Section: Vital Sign Representation Of Patient Health For Asthmaticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wearable Vital Signs Monitoring for Patients With Asthma: A Review

et al. 2023

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I. INTRODUCTIONORLDWIDE, more than 300 million people are suffering from asthma, with around 461,000 expected deaths each year [1-2]. In European countries, UK has the highest prevalence; approximately 12 percent of the UK population has been diagnosed with asthma. [2-3]. Whilst asthma is a lifelong condition, most patients can be symptomfree with treatment and a self-management plan. However, approximately 5% of patients with asthma have a severe condition, where symptoms are usually hard to control [4]. Severe asthma is a complex heterogeneous disease entity with high morbidity and mortality.As there are treatments to alleviate asthma symptoms (such

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Section: Vital Sign Representation Of Patient Health For Asthmaticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wearable Vital Signs Monitoring for Patients With Asthma: A Review

et al. 2023

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“…1 Childhood hypertensive chorioretinal changes are even rarer. Reviewing 83 hypertensive children, Foster et al 2 found only three with ophthalmoscopic abnormalities; these were mild, and they questioned the need for screening ophthalmoscopy in hypertensive children.…”

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypertensive chorioretinopathy with Elschnig spots in a 3-year-old child

Shah

Jones

Sinha

et al. 2011

Eye

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Sir, Hypertensive chorioretinopathy with Elschnig spots in a 3-year-old childWe illustrate the first reported case of hypertensive choroidopathy and retinopathy, including Elschnig spots, in a young, visually asymptomatic child with malignant hypertension. Case descriptionA 3 1 2 year old boy presented with cough, vomiting, lethargy, and malignant hypertension (245/169 mm Hg). Investigations revealed renal failure (creatinine 231 mmol/l; reference age range, 17-36 mmol/l), microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, and thrombocytopenia. Examination revealed normal anterior segments, bilateral swollen optic discs, and subretinal exudation (Figures 1a and b), and multiple discrete pigmented lesions surrounded by a pale halo (Elschnig spots; Figure 1e). There was a right subfoveal scar and a left macular star with massive exudation.After 3 weeks of treatment, his blood pressure was 120 mm Hg systolic. Visual acuity was 20/80 OU (Kay's pictures) with existing þ 3DS glasses (cycloplegic refraction, OD þ 5.50/À0.50 Â 15, OS þ 5.50/ À0.50 Â 160). At 3 months later, creatinine was 50 mmol/l, spectacle-corrected acuity 20/25 OU and stereoacuity 170 00 . Optic disc oedema and subretinal exudate had mostly resolved. There was left residual peripapillary pigmentation and a contracted right subfoveal scar (Figures 1c and d). Elschnig spots appeared unchanged ( Figure 1f). Despite extensive investigation, the cause of his hypertension remains unknown. Possible aetiologies include atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome, or renal scarring from an episode of transient neonatal renal failure, which had resolved spontaneously. CommentHypertension in young children is rare, and usually secondary to an identifiable disorder. 1 Childhood hypertensive chorioretinal changes are even rarer. Reviewing 83 hypertensive children, Foster et al 2 found only Eye three with ophthalmoscopic abnormalities; these were mild, and they questioned the need for screening ophthalmoscopy in hypertensive children. However, Krause et al 3 found swollen optic discs and hypertensive retinopathy in 5.7% of paediatric kidney transplant recipients.Optic disc oedema and macular star exudate configurations are seen in neuroretinitis as well as malignant hypertension. Neuroretinitis though is usually unilateral, and is not associated with extremely elevated blood pressure. These fundus findings have been reported in children with severe hypertension secondary to underlying renal malformations 4 and pheochromocytoma. 5 Hypertensive choroidopathy is associated with acute severe hypertension (eg, pre-eclampsia and pheochromocytoma). Elschnig spots represent necrosis of choroidal arterioles and capillaries secondary to these acute rises in blood pressure, and were noted in rhesus monkeys within 24 h of the induction of malignant hypertension. 6 To our knowledge, they have never been reported in a child of this age.We describe a unique case of severe hypertensive chorioretinopathy in a young child. Screening hypertensive children involves close collaboration between paediat...

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Systemic Hypertension

Cited by 2 publications

References 322 publications

Wearable Vital Signs Monitoring for Patients With Asthma: A Review

Wearable Vital Signs Monitoring for Patients With Asthma: A Review

Hypertensive chorioretinopathy with Elschnig spots in a 3-year-old child

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