Systemic Health and Endodontics

Root Canal Infection and Its Impact on the Oral Cavity Microenvironment in the Context of Immune System Disorders in Selected Diseases: A Narrative Review

“…The oral cavity and its structures, in particular within the teeth, i.e., the periapical tissues or the alveolar bone, are exposed to constant contact with antigens as a result of their location, and in particular in the pathological state associated with necrotic dental pulp, and they enhance and activate the immune response [ 86 ]. The defense reaction includes both specific and non-specific responses leading to the development of inflammation.…”

“…Too long an inflammatory reaction can damage the periapical bone, which also opens a further path for pathogens, contributing to the even greater development of the inflammatory reaction. Therefore, this type of phenomenon is also reflected not only in the oral cavity but can also affect the systemic state of the body, for example, through the spread of endodontic bacteria or maintaining the local production of soluble forms of regulatory molecules, as a result of recognition by pattern recognition receptors, ingredients produced by pathogens, as well as factors released from damaged cells [ 86 ]. An example of such a pathogen is Candida albicans , commonly called C. albicans , a pathogen capable of colonizing the dentin walls of root canals.…”

“…This is because the constant passage of antigens, e.g., bacterial, stimulates the innate immune response by binding to specific receptors, such as Toll-like receptors, which activate intracellular mechanisms to increase cytokine production, such as the NF-κβ pathway [ 86 ]. At the same time, cytokines can stimulate the body’s production of acute phase proteins and blood coagulation factors, including CRP and fibrinogen, respectively.…”

“…At the same time, cytokines can stimulate the body’s production of acute phase proteins and blood coagulation factors, including CRP and fibrinogen, respectively. Too high a concentration of these compounds may affect their aggregation and accumulation, which may result in thrombosis [ 86 ]. Molecular mimicry is another potential mechanism associated with inflammation.…”

“…This immune response can lead to the development of autoimmunity against these sequences. This process may contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammation and its associated diseases [ 86 ].…”