Systemic cytokine and chemokine responses in immunized mice challenged with staphylococcal enterotoxin B

Abstract

The cytokine storm induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) describes the rapid and dramatic induction of mediators which are likely responsible for the toxin’s deleterious effects. However despite the use of numerous animal models for investigating SEB related illness in humans, mechanisms of toxicity and correlates of protection remain unclear. In the present study, we used an LPS-potentiated model of SEB lethality to investigate the toxin-induced cytokine and chemokine responses in untreated and immunized mice. Of 30 separate mediators analyzed, serum levels for 28 or 27 of these cytokines and chemokines were elevated following administration of dosages of 3 or 30 LD50 of native SEB, respectively. Mice immunized with a non-toxic SEB vaccine candidate expressed in either E. coli or transgenic soy expression systems were protected from lethality when challenged with potentiated SEB. The majority of SEB-induced cytokines and chemokines (21 of 28 or 23 of 27 following challenge with dosages of 3 or 30 LD50 of native SEB, respectively) were significantly decreased in mice immunized with an SEB vaccine candidate when compared to control animals. Together, these studies provide the most comprehensive evaluation of the cytokine storm induced in this LPS-potentiated model of SEB lethality to date. As with other animal models, the identification of those mediators which are necessary and sufficient for SEB-induced toxicity remains unclear.

Anti-inflammatory effects of animal plasma protein supplementation in mice undergoing simultaneous gut and lung inflammation

“…In the intestine, dual challenge induced higher leukocyte recruitment into MLN than SEB alone, indicating that LPS enhances the effects of SEB in mice, as found in other studies (Hudson Reichenberg et al, 2017). SEB alone, or administered together with LPS, increased the activation of monocytes and neutrophils from MLN.…”

Dietary supplementation with spray-dried animal plasma improves vaccine protection in aged mice

“…Potentiating agents such as LPS are Immunization increased the production of specific anti-SEB Igs under all conditions, helping to protect the mice against the lethal shock, and the immunized mice showed a higher survival rate than the non-immunized animals. These results are consistent with those of another model of SEB vaccination in which immunization also improved the survival rate of mice (39). Furthermore, immunized senescent mice fed the SDP feed had a higher survival rate than those fed the control feed.…”

Highly Ordered, Plasmonic Enhanced Inverse Opal Photonic Crystal for Ultrasensitive Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B

“…Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is one of the staphylococcal super antigens responsible for food poisoning in humans, which can cause acute gastroenteritis and sepsis. Because of its extremely low lethal dose (LD 50 = 20 ng kg –1 ) and great harm that it inflicts, it is listed in the International Convention on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons . Therefore, it is necessary to develop a label-free, simple, and ultrasensitive detection method.…”

“…Because of its extremely low lethal dose (LD 50 = 20 ng kg −1 ) and great harm that it inflicts, it is listed in the International Convention on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. 26 Therefore, it is necessary to develop a label-free, simple, and ultrasensitive detection method. Herein, a sensing material was designed, which was prepared by the SiO 2 IOPC modified with Au NPs.…”