Systemic component to intrastadial developmental resistance in Lymantria dispar to its baculovirus

Hoover, Kelli; Grove, Michael; Su, Shengzhong

doi:10.1016/s1049-9644(02)00041-5

Cited by 34 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…However, by the middle of the fourth instar, the LD 50 of LdMNPV is 18-fold higher than in newly moulted larvae, whereas the susceptibility of mid-instar H. virescens (24 or 15 h post-moult to the fourth instar) is approximately 2-fold higher than in newly moulted fourth instars (Hoover et al, 2002;Washburn et al, 1995). It is likely that developmental resistance to LdMNPV, both among and within instars, is responsible for much of the reduced potency in feeding larvae (mid-instars) (Hoover et al, 2002). Developmental resistance of L. dispar to LdMNPV is also distinct among lepidopteran/NPV systems in that it involves both midgut-and systemic-based barriers (Grove & Hoover, 2007;Hoover et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…LdMNPV is endemic and a primary regulating factor of gypsy moth populations, generating periodic epizootics that can collapse populations (Elkinton & Liebhold, 1990;Liebhold et al, 2000). Using the same inoculation method, LdMNPV has a similar potency (LD 50 ) in L. dispar in the first 12 h after moulting (74 OBs) as in a host highly permissive to AcNPV, Heliothis virescens, immediately after moulting (30 OBs) (Hoover et al, 2002;Washburn et al, 1995). However, by the middle of the fourth instar, the LD 50 of LdMNPV is 18-fold higher than in newly moulted larvae, whereas the susceptibility of mid-instar H. virescens (24 or 15 h post-moult to the fourth instar) is approximately 2-fold higher than in newly moulted fourth instars (Hoover et al, 2002;Washburn et al, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using the same inoculation method, LdMNPV has a similar potency (LD 50 ) in L. dispar in the first 12 h after moulting (74 OBs) as in a host highly permissive to AcNPV, Heliothis virescens, immediately after moulting (30 OBs) (Hoover et al, 2002;Washburn et al, 1995). However, by the middle of the fourth instar, the LD 50 of LdMNPV is 18-fold higher than in newly moulted larvae, whereas the susceptibility of mid-instar H. virescens (24 or 15 h post-moult to the fourth instar) is approximately 2-fold higher than in newly moulted fourth instars (Hoover et al, 2002;Washburn et al, 1995). It is likely that developmental resistance to LdMNPV, both among and within instars, is responsible for much of the reduced potency in feeding larvae (mid-instars) (Hoover et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is likely that developmental resistance to LdMNPV, both among and within instars, is responsible for much of the reduced potency in feeding larvae (mid-instars) (Hoover et al, 2002). Developmental resistance of L. dispar to LdMNPV is also distinct among lepidopteran/NPV systems in that it involves both midgut-and systemic-based barriers (Grove & Hoover, 2007;Hoover et al, 2002). Hoover et al (2002) hypothesized that immune responses play a role in systemic resistance in L. dispar.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Developmental resistance of L. dispar to LdMNPV is also distinct among lepidopteran/NPV systems in that it involves both midgut-and systemic-based barriers (Grove & Hoover, 2007;Hoover et al, 2002). Hoover et al (2002) hypothesized that immune responses play a role in systemic resistance in L. dispar. In non-or semi-susceptible hosts, cellular immune responses to AcNPV-infected tissues can occur (Rivkin et al, 2006;Trudeau et al, 2001;Washburn et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pathogenesis of Lymantria dispar multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus in L. dispar and mechanisms of developmental resistance

McNeil

Cox-Foster

Gardner

et al. 2010

Journal of General Virology

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Lymantria dispar has a long historical association with the baculovirus Lymantria dispar multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV), which is one of the primary population regulators of L. dispar in the field. However, host larvae exhibit strong developmental resistance to fatal infection by LdMNPV; the LD 50 in newly moulted fourth instars is 18-fold lower than in the middle of the instar (48-72 h post-moult). Using a recombinant of LdMNPV expressing lacZ, we examined the key steps of pathogenesis in the host to explore mechanisms of developmental resistance. At the midgut level, we observed reduced primary midgut infections in mid-fourth instars, indicating increased sloughing of infected cells. Additional barriers were observed as the virus escaped the midgut. Mid-fourth instars had higher numbers of melanized foci of infection associated with the midgut, apoptotic tracheal epidermal cells and haemocytes, and reduced numbers of infected haemocytes later in infection. Our results show that the co-evolutionary relationship between L. dispar and LdMNPV has resulted in both midgut-based and systemic antiviral defences and that these defences are age-dependent within the instar. This age-related susceptibility may contribute to how the virus is maintained in nature and could influence management of L. dispar by using the virus.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Pathogenesis of Lymantria dispar multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus in L. dispar and mechanisms of developmental resistance

McNeil

Cox-Foster

Gardner

et al. 2010

Journal of General Virology

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Temperature and population density: interactional effects of environmental factors on phenotypic plasticity, immune defenses, and disease resistance in an insect pest

Silva

Elliot

2016

Ecology and Evolution

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Temperature and crowding are key environmental factors mediating the transmission and epizooty of infectious disease in ectotherm animals. The host physiology may be altered in a temperature‐dependent manner and thus affects the pathogen development and course of diseases within an individual and host population, or the transmission rates (or infectivity) of pathogens shift linearly with the host population density. To our understanding, the knowledge of interactive and synergistic effects of temperature and population density on the host–pathogen system is limited. Here, we tested the interactional effects of these environmental factors on phenotypic plasticity, immune defenses, and disease resistance in the velvetbean caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis. Upon egg hatching, caterpillars were reared in thermostat‐controlled chambers in a 2 × 4 factorial design: density (1 or 8 caterpillars/pot) and temperature (20, 24, 28, or 32°C). Of the immune defenses assessed, encapsulation response was directly affected by none of the environmental factors; capsule melanization increased with temperature in both lone‐ and group‐reared caterpillars, although the lone‐reared ones presented the most evident response, and hemocyte numbers decreased with temperature regardless of the population density. Temperature, but not population density, affected considerably the time from inoculation to death of velvetbean caterpillar. Thus, velvetbean caterpillars succumbed to Anticarsia gemmatalis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgMNPV) more quickly at higher temperatures than at lower temperatures. As hypothesized, temperature likely affected caterpillars' movement rates, and thus the contact between conspecifics, which in turn affected the phenotypic expression of group‐reared caterpillars. Our results suggest that environmental factors, mainly temperature, strongly affect both the course of disease in velvetbean caterpillar population and its defenses against pathogens. As a soybean pest, velvetbean caterpillar may increase its damage on soybean fields under a scenario of global warming as caterpillars may reach the developmental resistance faster, and thus decrease their susceptibility to biological control by AgMNPV.

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Warmer temperatures reduce the transmission of a virus in a gregarious forest insect

MacDonald,

Myers,

Cory

2023

Ecology

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Understanding how climate warming will influence species interactions is a key question in ecology and predicting changes in the prevalence of disease outbreaks is particularly challenging. Ectotherms are likely to be more influenced by climatic changes as temperature governs their growth, feeding, development and behaviour. We test the hypothesis that pathogen transmission and host mortality will increase at warmer temperatures using a cyclic forest insect, the western tent caterpillar (WTC), Malacosoma californicum pluviale, and its baculovirus. The virus causes population declines at peak host density. WTC are gregarious and clustering is predicted to increase the risk of within family infection; however, how temperature influences this has not been examined. We investigated the impact of temperature on different components of the transmission process in order to pinpoint the possible mechanisms involved. In the laboratory, leaf consumption increased linearly with rising temperature between 15 and 30°C. Insects died more rapidly from virus infection as temperature increased, but this did not translate into differences in the production of viral transmission stages. To examine the influence of temperature on virus transmission we created a temperature difference between two greenhouses containing potted red alder trees, Alnus rubra. The cooler greenhouse (mean 19.5°C) was roughly similar to ambient temperatures in the field, while the warmer greenhouse was 10°C higher (mean 29°C). As predicted, both larval movement and feeding were higher at the warmer temperature, while the likelihood of the pre‐infected, inoculum larvae dying on the tents was twice as high in the cooler greenhouse. This resulted in increased virus mortality and a higher transmission parameter under cooler conditions. Therefore, we suggest that, contrary to our prediction, the reduced movement of infected larvae at colder temperatures increased the risk of infection in these gregarious insects, and had a greater impact on virus transmission than the increased activity of the susceptible larvae in warmer conditions. Long‐term population data from the field, however, show no relationship between temperature and infection levels, suggesting that local changes in virus transmission might not scale up to population infection levels.

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Systemic component to intrastadial developmental resistance in Lymantria dispar to its baculovirus

Cited by 34 publications

References 18 publications

Pathogenesis of Lymantria dispar multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus in L. dispar and mechanisms of developmental resistance

Pathogenesis of Lymantria dispar multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus in L. dispar and mechanisms of developmental resistance

Temperature and population density: interactional effects of environmental factors on phenotypic plasticity, immune defenses, and disease resistance in an insect pest

Warmer temperatures reduce the transmission of a virus in a gregarious forest insect

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