“…Under certain conditions, dormant mycobacteria are reactivated and frequently disseminate to extrapulmonary organ systems, thereby establishing a severe clinical complication of pulmonary tuberculosis (8,(11)(12)(13). Notably, not only M. tuberculosis but also M. bovis BCG may cause mycobacterial dissemination in humans, as has been noted, e.g., in patients treated by intravesical M. bovis BCG therapy for bladder cancer, which may lead to systemic BCGitis, a severe systemic BCG infection (14). Therefore, elucidation of the molecular pathways underlying the control of systemic M. bovis BCG infection may also inform about the regulatory pathways controlling M. tuberculosis dissemination.…”