Systemic and Local Phenotypes of Barium Chloride Induced Skeletal Muscle Injury in Mice

Abstract

Skeletal muscle regeneration in mice has traditionally been studied using local freeze burn or snake venom injection models. More recently, a barium chloride (BaCl 2 )-induced muscle injury model has been established and is gaining popularity due to the relatively simple procedure and accessibility to required reagents. Here we sought to characterize the local and systemic effects of BaCl 2 -induced muscle injury. For this study, a 1.2% BaCl 2 solution was locally administered to the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle and local and systemic phenotypes were analyzed at different timepoints. When 50 μL of the solution was injected unilaterally in the TA muscle, no mortality was observed. However, when 100 μL of the solution was injected, 50% of the mice died within 24 h. Serum analysis of the mice injected with 50 μL of BaCl 2 solution at days 1 and 7 revealed changes resembling rhabdomyolysis. At day 1 post-injection of 50 μL of the BaCl 2 solution, acute suppurative inflammation was observed in gross examination of the TA muscle, while extensive hemorrhagic necrosis was revealed on histological examination. At day 7, regenerated myofibers with centralized nuclei appeared with the resolution of acute inflammatory infiltration and the muscle tissue displayed molecular signatures consistent with myofiber differentiation. The overall muscle injury and regeneration phenotypes in the BaCl 2 -induced muscle injury model were similar to those of the well-established freeze burn or snake venom injection models. Taken together, the BaCl 2 -induced muscle injury model is comparable to conventional muscle injury and regeneration models, with considerations for possible systemic effects.

MiR‐222‐3p suppresses C2C12 myoblast proliferation and differentiation via the inhibition of IRS‐1/PI3K/Akt pathway

“…We established the mouse muscle damage model after intramuscularly injecting the mouse gastrocnemius (GAS) muscle with 1.2% barium chloride. Similar to previous findings, 32,33 the hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining results presented the same damage repair process. We observed muscle lysis and abundant immune cells accumulation at Day 3 (D3) after muscle damage, new myotube formation with centralized nuclei occurring at D5, and immune cells clearance at D7, and at D9, the appearance of muscle bundles was like that of the control group (Figure 1A).…”

Salidroside rescues barium chloride-induced skeletal muscle injury

“…On one hand, hemorrhagic edema persistent at day 3 and gradually subsided during the regeneration process. One the other hand, hemorrhagic in ammation with mononuclear in ltration peaked at day 3 and mostly cleared at day 7 [23,24]. In this study, the crosssectional area and mean diameter of new muscle bers, the number of central nuclear muscle bers, and the wet-weight ratio of tibialis anterior muscle in the Sal group were signi cantly higher than those in the untreated group, indicating that Sal treatment could promote skeletal muscle regeneration.…”

“…1A), mouse in the experimental group was injected with BaCl 2 in tibialis anterior muscle (TA) for once, then each mouse in treatment group was intraperitoneally injected with 0.4 mg Sal per day. Signi cant in ammatory in ltration and rhabdomyolysis were observed on the third day after BaCl 2 injury [23,24]. The integrity of TA muscle bers in Sal treated group was signi cantly better than that in control group (Fig.…”

“…Chemical damages are usually observed to produce speci c and replicable damage phenotypes in vivo so as to ensure the accuracy of follow-up studies. Literatures have shown that BaCl 2 -induced muscle injury models are comparable to traditional models of muscle injury and regeneration considering possible systemic effects [24,32]. Local injection of BaCl 2 is regarded as an acute injury model for studying skeletal muscle regeneration.…”

Lactoferrin Deficiency Impairs Proliferation of Satellite Cells via Downregulating the ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway

“…The mouse TA muscle was injured as described previously [51]. Briefly, after the mice were anesthetized with an anesthesia machine, 75 µL of sterile 1.2% BaCl 2 solution was injected into the center of the TA muscle at a fixed point, and the samples were collected at the various time points for analysis.…”