Systemic and local immune response of cows to intramammary infection with Staphylococcus aureus

Leitner, Gabriel; Yadlin, B; Glickman, A.; Chaffer, M.; Saran, A.

doi:10.1053/rvsc.2000.0409

Cited by 53 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Both IgG 1 and IgG 2 increased simultaneously 3 h after intramammary LPS challenge and the IgG 1 :IgG 2 ratio reached a similar milk ratio to that observed in blood. Immunoglobulin G 2 is considered to be the main opsonic antibody for neutrophil phagocytosis and is, therefore, most important for mammary immune defense against mastitis pathogens (Hill et al, 1983;Leitner et al, 2000). Both IgG 1 and IgG 2 milk concentrations increased 3 h PC, along with SCC, BHBA, LDH, and lactate, indicating an unspecific transfer through the opening of the blood-milk barrier.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concomitant lipopolysaccharide-induced transfer of blood-derived components including immunoglobulins into milk

Lehmann

Wellnitz

Bruckmaier

2013

Journal of Dairy Science

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During a mammary immune response, the integrity of the blood-milk barrier is negatively affected and becomes leaky. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the blood origin, and to investigate changes in the concentration, of various constituents including immunoglobulins in blood and milk during the early phase of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mastitis. Five lactating dairy cows received continuous β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) clamp infusions to maintain elevated BHBA blood concentrations (1.5 to 2.0 mmol/L) from 48 h before and 8 h after LPS administration. One udder quarter was infused with 200 μg of Escherichia coli LPS. A second quarter served as control. Milk and blood samples were taken hourly for 8 h postchallenge (PC). The somatic cell count in LPS-challenged quarters was increased from 4 h PC to the end of the experiment compared with control quarters. In LPS-challenged quarters, l-lactate, BHBA, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), IgG 1 , and IgG 2 were increased at 3 h PC and remained elevated until the end of experiment (8 h PC) compared with control quarters. In addition, the optical density values in milk in a nonquantitative ELISA for antibodies directed against bluetongue virus (used as a measure of nonspecific antibody transfer; all animals were vaccinated) increased and, thus, indicates an increase in these antibodies in response to LPS treatment. l-Lactate concentration also increased in blood 2 h PC and in the milk of control quarters during the experiment from 3 h PC. A second experiment was conducted in vitro to investigate a possible contribution from destructed milk cells to l-lactate concentration and activity of LDH in milk. Aliquots of milk samples (n = 8) were frozen (−20°C) or disrupted with ultrasound, respectively. Freeze thawing and ultrasound treatment increased LDH in milk samples, but had no effect on l-lactate concentrations. Results suggest that intramammary infusion of LPS induces a systemic response, as evidenced by an elevation of blood l-lactate concentration. The concomitant changes of all investigated components suggest that they were blood derived. However, the increase in blood components in the milk is not necessarily supportive of the mammary immune system, and likely a side effect of reduced blood-milk barrier integrity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concomitant lipopolysaccharide-induced transfer of blood-derived components including immunoglobulins into milk

Lehmann

Wellnitz

Bruckmaier

2013

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…Compared to the other groups, log 2 -transformed SCC in these 'PPP' cows remained at the highest values at all testdays ( Figure 2) and effect of time on log 2 -transformed SCC was not significantly different from null (Table 2). Such a long lasting high SCC response is typical of Staphylococcus aureus infection (Leitner et al, 2000), a bacterial species found in 17 out of our 25 'PPP' samples (Table 1). Within the 'PPP' group, cows with the highest CFU load presented the highest SCC and lowest test-day milk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…It is well known that SCC increase more or less rapidly at the start of mammary infection (Burvenich et al, 1994). For example, Leitner et al (2000) observed, after intra-cisternal inoculation of S. aureus or Escherichia coli, a higher SCC increases in cows with acute than chronic infections. Similarly, we observed a higher SCC increase in the group 'unP' than in the group 'PPP.'…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Cows in the 'PPP' group were suspected to be chronically infected because they had three consecutive bacteriological positive samples, following the definition of Leitner et al (2000). Compared to the other groups, log 2 -transformed SCC in these 'PPP' cows remained at the highest values at all testdays ( Figure 2) and effect of time on log 2 -transformed SCC was not significantly different from null (Table 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mediation analysis to estimate direct and indirect milk losses associated with bacterial load in bovine subclinical mammary infections

Detilleux

Théron

Duprez

et al. 2016

Animal

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Milk losses associated with mastitis can be attributed to either effects of pathogens per se (i.e. direct losses) or to effects of the immune response triggered by the presence of mammary pathogens (i.e. indirect losses). Test-day milk somatic cell counts (SCC) and number of bacterial colony forming units (CFU) found in milk samples are putative measures of the level of immune response and of the bacterial load, respectively. Mediation models, in which one independent variable affects a second variable which, in turn, affects a third one, are conceivable models to estimate direct and indirect losses. Here, we evaluated the feasibility of a mediation model in which test-day SCC and milk were regressed toward bacterial CFU measured at three selected sampling dates, 1 week apart. We applied this method on cows free of clinical signs and with records on up to 3 test-days before and after the date of the first bacteriological samples. Most bacteriological cultures were negative (52.38%), others contained either staphylococci (23.08%), streptococci (9.16%), mixed bacteria (8.79%) or were contaminated (6.59%). Only losses mediated by an increase in SCC were significantly different from null. In cows with three consecutive bacteriological positive results, we estimated a decreased milk yield of 0.28 kg per day for each unit increase in log 2 -transformed CFU that elicited one unit increase in log 2 -transformed SCC. In cows with one or two bacteriological positive results, indirect milk loss was not significantly different from null although test-day milk decreased by 0.74 kg per day for each unit increase of log 2 -transformed SCC. These results highlight the importance of milk losses that are mediated by an increase in SCC during mammary infection and the feasibility of decomposing total milk loss into its direct and indirect components.

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“…The primary impact of CNS-mediated subclinical mastitis is an increased number of somatic cells (Gougoulis et al 2008;Leitner et al 2000;Santos et al 2008). Furthermore, CNS may sensitize and increase susceptibility of mammary cells to other infections (Jarp 1991;Oliver and Jayarao 1997;Seegers et al 2003;Waage et al 1999).…”

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confidence: 99%

Genotypic Characterization of Coagulase-negative Staphylococci Isolated from Sheep Milk in Slovakia

et al. 2010

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Hitherto very few reports are available presenting identification and molecular characterization of the coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) from sheep milk in the subclinical stage of mastitis. Furthermore, very scanty data are available on the epidemiological status of CNS in different Slovak provinces. Milk samples from 54 sheep farms located in eastern Slovak region were screened. A total 240 CNS were identified with series of biochemical testes (STAPH-API) and subjected further for genotyping with the help of pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The most frequently occurring CNS species according the biochemical characterization were: S. epidermidis (36.3 %), S. caprae (21.3 %), S. hominis (6.6 %), S. chromogenes (6.3 %), S. xylosus (5.8 %), S. warneri (5.0 %) and S. capitis (4.6 %). Further PFGE-based characterization of these isolates revealed six pulsotypes of the S. epidermidis, two of S. caprae, three of S. chromogenes, nine of S. hominis, five of S. capitis and seven of S. xylosus. These results contribute to knowledge of the epidemiological situation of the CNS from the subclinical form of mastitis in Slovakia.

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Systemic and local immune response of cows to intramammary infection with Staphylococcus aureus

Cited by 53 publications

References 10 publications

Concomitant lipopolysaccharide-induced transfer of blood-derived components including immunoglobulins into milk

Concomitant lipopolysaccharide-induced transfer of blood-derived components including immunoglobulins into milk

Mediation analysis to estimate direct and indirect milk losses associated with bacterial load in bovine subclinical mammary infections

Genotypic Characterization of Coagulase-negative Staphylococci Isolated from Sheep Milk in Slovakia

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