Systemic and airway oxidative stress in competitive swimmers

Škrgat, Sabina; Marčun, Robert; Kern, Izidor; Šilar, Mira; Šelb, Julij; Fležar, Matjaž; Korošec, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2018.03.005

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The products of purine nucleotides degradation were two times higher, and the increase in the content of the nitrate anion was 2.5 times higher [15]. Other studies during the training period with reports of systemic oxidative stress and induction of muscle damage markers show that high intensity training in healthy non-asthmatic competitive swimmers resulted in marked oxidative stress at the airway and systemic levels, with the hypothesis that oxidative stress may be associated with bronchial hyperresponsiveness, which is often observed during the peak exercise training period [16]. ROS production by contracting muscle during exercise happens through several mechanisms including activation of endothelial xanthine oxidase, electron leakage at the mitochondrial electron transport chain, inflammatory response, increased release, and auto-oxidation of catecholamines.…”

Section: Exercise-induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: The Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Benefits and Endpoints in Sport

et al. 2018

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The influence of nutrition has the potential to substantially affect physical function and body metabolism. Particular attention has been focused on omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), which can be found both in terrestrial features and in the marine world. They are responsible for numerous cellular functions, such as signaling, cell membrane fluidity, and structural maintenance. They also regulate the nervous system, blood pressure, hematic clotting, glucose tolerance, and inflammatory processes, which may be useful in all inflammatory conditions. Animal models and cell-based models show that n-3 PUFAs can influence skeletal muscle metabolism. Furthermore, recent human studies demonstrate that they can influence not only the exercise and the metabolic response of skeletal muscle, but also the functional response for a period of exercise training. In addition, their potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity may provide health benefits and performance improvement especially in those who practice physical activity, due to their increased reactive oxygen production. This review highlights the importance of n-3 PUFAs in our diet, which focuses on their potential healthy effects in sport.

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Section: Exercise-induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: The Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Benefits and Endpoints in Sport

et al. 2018

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“…Repeated exposures to the swimming pool environment during training may partially explain this finding due to chlorine and its by-products, which may irritate the airways by oxidative stress. Skrgat et al 34 have also shown the occurrence of oxidative stress in swimmers during high-intensity training period. Another study reported an enhanced migration of blood eosinophils to airway tissues during strenuous endurance exercise, leading to an increased degranulation of eosinophils and the release of ECP in healthy mountaineers 35 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) correlates with eosinophil cell counts in the induced sputum of elite swimmers

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et al. 2022

Porto Biomedical Journal

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Introduction: Swimming practice has been associated with eosinophilic inflammation, however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. The eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in induced sputum may be used as a potential biomarker to assess airway eosinophilic inflammation among elite swimmers. The objective of this study is to characterize ECP levels in sputum supernatant in elite swimmers and evaluate ECP as an eosinophilic inflammatory marker.Material and methods: Elite swimmers annually screened in our department (n = 27) were invited to participate in this crosssectional study. Swimmers who agreed to participate (n = 24, 46% girls) performed lung function and skin-prick tests. Induced sputum was also collected and analyzed for differential cell counts and ECP measurements in sputum supernatant (ImmunoCAP TM 100, ECP, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Uppsala, Sweden).Results: The median ECP level was 15.60 mg/L (6.02-38.75 mg/L) and higher levels were found among boys (27.90 (11.20-46.30) mg/L vs 6.65 (2.82-22.80) mg/L, P = .02). In addition, ECP levels in the sputum supernatant were positively correlated with eosinophil cell counts in the induced sputum (r = 0.583, P = .08).Conclusions: ECP levels correlated positively with eosinophil counts in the induced sputum in elite swimmers. The measurement of ECP in sputum supernatant may be a useful marker to assess and manage eosinophilic inflammatory changes in the airways of elite swimmers.

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“…A single bout of aerobic and anaerobic exercise has been shown to induce acute increases in systemic biomarkers of oxidative stress (Bloomer and Goldfarb 2004 ). Oxidative stress has been detected in competitive swimmers exposed to a chlorinated environment and has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma (Skrgat et al 2018 ), making it a possible pathway behind the high prevalence of asthma observed in cross-country skiers (Mäki-Heikkilä et al 2020 ). However, we could not detect acute increases in the oxidative stress marker 8-isoprostane concentrations in plasma or urine after exercise in the cold.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A breathing mask attenuates acute airway responses to exercise in sub-zero environment in healthy subjects

et al. 2022

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Purpose Cold air exposure is associated with increased respiratory morbidity and mortality. Repeated inhalation of cold and dry air is considered the cause of the high prevalence of asthma among winter endurance athletes. This study assessed whether a heat- and moisture-exchanging breathing device (HME) attenuates airway responses to high-intensity exercise in sub-zero temperatures among healthy subjects. Methods Using a randomized cross-over design, 23 healthy trained participants performed a 30-min warm-up followed by a 4-min maximal, self-paced running time trial in − 15 °C, with and without HME. Lung function was assessed pre- and immediately post-trials. Club cell protein (CC-16), 8-isoprostane, and cytokine concentrations were measured in plasma and urine pre- and 60 min post trials. Symptoms were assessed prior to, during, and immediately after each trial in the chamber. Results HME use attenuated the decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) post trials (∆FEV1: mean (SD) HME − 0.5 (1.9) % vs. no-HME − 2.7 (2.7) %, p = 0.002). HME also substantially attenuated the median relative increase in plasma-CC16 concentrations (with HME + 27% (interquartile range 9–38) vs no-HME + 121% (55–162), p < 0.001) and reduced airway and general symptom intensity, compared to the trial without HME. No significant changes between trials were detected in urine CC16, 8-isoprostane, or cytokine concentrations. Conclusion The HME attenuated acute airway responses induced by moderate-to-maximal-intensity exercise in − 15 °C in healthy subjects. Further studies are needed to examine whether this HMEs could constitute primary prevention against asthma in winter endurance athletes.

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Systemic and airway oxidative stress in competitive swimmers

Cited by 11 publications

References 27 publications

Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Benefits and Endpoints in Sport

Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Benefits and Endpoints in Sport

Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) correlates with eosinophil cell counts in the induced sputum of elite swimmers

A breathing mask attenuates acute airway responses to exercise in sub-zero environment in healthy subjects

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