Systemic administration of defined extracts from Withania somnifera (Indian ginseng) and Shilajit differentially affects cholinergic but not glutamatergic and GABAergic markers in rat brain

Schliebs, Reinhard; Liebmann, André; Bhattacharya, S. K.; Kumar, Ashok; Ghosal, Shibnath; Bigl, Volker

doi:10.1016/s0197-0186(96)00025-3

Cited by 172 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Ashwagandholine, total alkaloids extracted from extract of WS roots, caused relaxant and antispasmodic effects against various agents that produce smooth muscle contractions in intestinal, uterine, tracheal, and vascular muscle. These results were consistent with the use of WS to produce relaxation 33,34,35 .…”

Section: Effect On Central Nervous Systemsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…The compounds preferentially affect events in the cortical and basal forebrain cholinergic-signal transduction cascade. The drug-induced increase in cortical muscarinic acetylcholine receptor capacity might partly elucidate the cognition enhancing and memory-improving effects of WS extracts in animals and in humans 37 . Neurite outgrowth, cortical neurons noted in Withanoside IV in cultured rat 38 .…”

Section: Effect On Central Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review on Adaptogenic Activity of Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera): An Ayurvedic Appraisal

Shrilata¹,

Kumar²,

Chand³

et al. 2017

J Pharm Sci Innov.

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Stress is a state of mental or emotional strain resulting from demanding circumstances. It's a universal experience, which has an important defensive function towards harmful psychological stimuli. Owing to this there are various pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments with fatal adverse reaction. The need of hour is to have a cost-effective adaptogenic drug. Adaptogens are compounds that increase the ability of an organism to adapt to environmental factors and avoid damage. Ayurveda explains these qualities under concepts of vyadhikshamatva (immunity). Ashwagandha is considered to be the best adaptogenic drug among shankhapushpi (Clitoria ternatea), yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra), brahmi (Bacopa monnieri), guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), mandookaparni (Centella asiatica), etc medhya dravya (cognitive enhancers). This study reviews the Ayurvedic and modern literature related to stress and its management as adaptogens through Ayurveda. Ayurveda is the traditional system of medicine of India and contains a very scientific description of stress and general manovikaras (psychiatric illness). Ayurveda has been a great potential in the field of rasayana (rejuvenation) as there are lots of single herbs and preparations which possess adaptogenic properties and strengthens the physiological adaptation.

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Section: Effect On Central Nervous Systemsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Effect On Central Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Adaptogenic Activity of Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera): An Ayurvedic Appraisal

Shrilata¹,

Kumar²,

Chand³

et al. 2017

J Pharm Sci Innov.

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“…We had expected a broader profile of cognitive benefits with WSE due to its diverse pharmacologic actions [22][23][24][25][26][30][31][32][33] ; however, narrower results were obtained in this study. Recent work has indicated that WSE reversed deficits in spatial learning and working memory tasks in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease 43 probably by promoting hepatic clearance of β-amyloid.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…shown procholinergic but not glutamatergic or gabaergic effects in rat brain 30 ; furthermore, WSEs show cholinesterase inhibiting activity. [31][32][33] Given these diverse pharmacologic actions, we postulated that adjunctive WSE treatment would improve cognitive functions broadly in subjects with bipolar disorder, eg, executive functions, working memory, attention, processing speed, and memory.…”

mentioning

confidence: 92%

Randomized Placebo-Controlled Adjunctive Study of an Extract ofWithania somniferafor Cognitive Dysfunction in Bipolar Disorder

Chengappa

Bowie²,

Schlicht³

et al. 2013

J. Clin. Psychiatry

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Objective:Cognitive impairments contribute significantly to inadequate functional recovery following illness episodes in bipolar disorder, yet data on treatment interventions are sparse. We assessed the cognitive effects of a standardized extract of the medicinal herb Withania somnifera (WSE) in bipolar disorder.Method: Sixty euthymic subjects with DSM-IV bipolar disorder were enrolled in an 8-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study of WSE (500 mg/d) as a procognitive agent added adjunctively to the medications being used as maintenance treatment for bipolar disorder. Study enrollment and data analyses were completed between December 2008 and September 2012. Cognitive testing at baseline and 8 weeks assessed primary efficacy outcomes. Psychopathology and adverse events were monitored at scheduled visits.Results: Fifty-three patients completed the study (WSE, n = 24; placebo, n = 29), and the 2 groups were matched in terms of demographic, illness, and treatment characteristics. Compared to placebo, WSE provided significant benefits for 3 cognitive tasks: digit span backward (P = .035), Flanker neutral response time (P = .033), and the social cognition response rating of the Penn Emotional Acuity Test (P = .045). The size of the WSE treatment effect for digit span backward was in the medium range (Cohen d = 0.51; 95% CI, 0.25-0.77). None of the other cognitive tasks showed significant betweengroup differences. Mood and anxiety scale scores remained stable, and adverse events were minor. Conclusions:Although results are preliminary, WSE appears to improve auditory-verbal working memory (digit span backward), a measure of reaction time, and a measure of social cognition in bipolar disorder. Given the paucity of data for improving cognitive capacity in bipolar disorder, WSE offers promise, appears to have a benign side-effects profile, and merits further study.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00761761

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“…By having many herbo-minerals and bioactive principles, such as humic acid (low molecular weight substances like phenolic acids, anti-oxidants and free radical scavengers) and dibenzo-α-pyrones (DBPs), DBP-chromoproteins and fulvic acids with DBP core, Shilajit is known to exert multiple pharmacological actions by having antibacterial, anti-arthritic, antiulcerogenic, anti-hyperglycemic, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-radical, spermatogenic and ovogenic, anti-aging and energetic properties [52][53][54][55][56][57]. Shilajit has been used for both preventative health and for treating many diseases (such as allergies, diabetes, hypertension, loss of memory, immune dysfunction, arthritis, loss of libido, etc) for more than 3000 years.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Arthritic Efficacy And Safety Of Crominex® 3+ (Trivalent Chromium, Phyllanthus emblica Extract, And Shilajit) In Moderately Arthritic Dogs

Fleck¹,

Rc²,

Jt³

et al. 2014

Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry

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The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of Crominex 3+ (a complex of trivalent chromium, Phyllanthus emblica (Amla) extract and purified Shilajit) in moderately arthritic dogs. Eleven client-owned moderately arthritic dogs in a randomized double-blinded study received placebo or Crominex 3+ twice daily for a period of 150 days. On a monthly basis, each dog was evaluated for arthritis associated pain (overall pain, pain upon limb manipulation and pain after physical exertion) and a full physical exam (body weight, body temperature and heart rate). At the same time intervals, dogs serum samples were examined for biomarkers of kidney (BUN and creatinine), liver (bilirubin, ALT and AST) and heart and skeletal muscle (CK) functions. Findings of this investigation revealed that dogs receiving Crominex 3+ (1000 µg chromium, 15 mg Amla extract and 15 mg purified Shilajit per day in two divided doses) exhibited a significant (P<0.05) reduction in arthritic pain noted as early as after 90 days with a maximum reduction after 150 days of treatment. Pain level remained the same or slightly increased in the dogs receiving placebo. No significant change occurred in physical parameters or serum biomarkers in dogs on placebo or Crominex 3+, which suggested that Crominex 3+ was well tolerated by arthritic dogs. In conclusion, Crominex 3+ significantly (P<0.05) ameliorated arthritic pain and improved quality of life without causing any untoward effects in moderately arthritic dogs. [3][4][5]. OA is an inflammatory joint disease characterized by chronic and progressive cartilage degeneration, osteophyte formation, subchondral sclerosis, hypertrophy of bone at the margins and changes in the synovial membrane, which eventually results in decreased stability, movement, loading, stiffness of joints, lameness and pain [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Introduction Anti-Arthritic EfficacyIn the early stages of OA, a progressive depletion of the cartilage proteoglycan leads to a net loss of matrix from the cartilage [16,17]. Breakdown and deterioration of the cartilage have been correlated with increased activities of certain enzymes including the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). The increased cartilage lesions in OA have also been correlated with the enhanced levels of 14,16]. These cascading events lead to increased friction and inflammation in the joints. To date, there are no serum, urinary or synovial biomarkers that are specific and validated for OA [18].Common signs and symptoms associated with OA in dogs include limping, immobility, stiffness of joints, crepitus, periarticular swelling, palpable effusion, pain upon manipulation of the joint and lameness [10,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. The diagnosis of OA in canine patients is based upon history, physical exam and radiographic evidence. Finally, MRI findings reveal the changes of joint and cartilage degeneration consistent with OA [26][27][28][29][30].Canines with OA are treated with multipronged approaches, involving i...

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Systemic administration of defined extracts from Withania somnifera (Indian ginseng) and Shilajit differentially affects cholinergic but not glutamatergic and GABAergic markers in rat brain

Cited by 172 publications

References 22 publications

A Review on Adaptogenic Activity of Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera): An Ayurvedic Appraisal

A Review on Adaptogenic Activity of Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera): An Ayurvedic Appraisal

Randomized Placebo-Controlled Adjunctive Study of an Extract ofWithania somniferafor Cognitive Dysfunction in Bipolar Disorder

Anti-Arthritic Efficacy And Safety Of Crominex® 3+ (Trivalent Chromium, Phyllanthus emblica Extract, And Shilajit) In Moderately Arthritic Dogs

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