Systemic Acquired Resistance

Sticher, Liliane; Mauch‐Mani, Brigitte; Métraux, Jean‐Pierre

doi:10.1146/annurev.phyto.35.1.235

Cited by 1,186 publications

(807 citation statements)

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“…The onset of SAR is accompanied by a local and systemic increase in endogenous levels of SA. Although SA moves through the plant, it is not the mobile signal for SAR [1]. Analysis of an Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion line identified the DEFECTIVE IN INDUCED RESISTANCE1 (DIR1) gene, which encodes a putative apoplastic lipid-transfer protein that is required for pathogen-induced SAR [14 ].…”

Section: Systemic Signalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several biologically induced systemic defense responses have been characterized in detail. These include systemic acquired resistance (SAR), which is triggered by necrotizing pathogens [1]; induced systemic resistance (ISR), which is activated upon colonization of roots by selected strains of non-pathogenic rhizobacteria [2]; and woundinduced defense, which is typically elicited upon tissue damage such as that caused by feeding insects ( [3]; Figure 1). Induced defense responses are regulated by a network of interconnecting signal transduction pathways in which the hormonal signals salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) play a major role [4][5][6], and other hormones such as brassinosteroids and abscisic acid can also be involved [7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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NPR1: the spider in the web of induced resistance signaling pathways

Pieterse¹,

Loon²

2004

Current Opinion in Plant Biology

408

290

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Section: Systemic Signalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NPR1: the spider in the web of induced resistance signaling pathways

Pieterse¹,

Loon²

2004

Current Opinion in Plant Biology

408

290

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“…Phenotypically, rhizobacteria-mediated ISR resembles classic pathogen-induced resistance, in which noninfected parts of infected plants become more resistant to further infection. This latter form of induced resistance is known as systemic acquired resistance (SAR) (Ross, 1961;Sticher et al, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The state of SAR is characterized by an early increase in endogenously synthesized salicylic acid (SA), and the concomitant activation of a set of so-called SAR genes (Sticher et al, 1997). Many SAR genes encode pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins (PRs) (Van Loon and Van Strien, 1999), some of which have been shown to possess anti-fungal activity and are thought to contribute to the induced resistant state.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Colonization of the Arabidopsis rhizosphere by fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. activates a root-specific, ethylene-responsive PR-5 gene in the vascular bundle

et al. 2005

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Plants of which the roots are colonized by selected strains of non-pathogenic, fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. develop an enhanced defensive capacity against a broad spectrum of foliar pathogens. In Arabidopsis thaliana, this rhizobacteria-induced systemic resistance (ISR) functions independently of salicylic acid but requires responsiveness to jasmonic acid and ethylene. In contrast to pathogen-induced systemic acquired resistance (SAR), ISR is not associated with systemic changes in the expression of genes encoding pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. To identify genes that are specifically expressed in response to colonization of the roots by ISRinducing Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417r bacteria, we screened a collection of Arabidopsis enhancer trap and gene trap lines containing a transposable element of the Ac/Ds system and the GUS reporter gene. We identified an enhancer trap line (WET121) that specifically showed GUS activity in the root vascular bundle upon colonization of the roots by WCS417r. Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. strains P. fluorescens WCS374r and P. putida WCS358r triggered a similar expression pattern, whereas ISR-non-inducing Escherichia coli bacteria did not. Exogenous application of the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) mimicked the rhizobacteria-induced GUS expression pattern in the root vascular bundle, whereas methyl jasmonic acid and salicylic acid did not, indicating that the Ds element in WET121 is inserted in the vicinity of an ethylene-responsive gene. Analysis of the expression of the genes in the close vicinity of the Ds element revealed AtTLP1 as the gene responsible for the in cis activation of the GUS reporter gene in the root vascular bundle. AtTLP1 encodes a thaumatin-like protein that belongs to the PR-5 family of PR proteins, some of which possess antimicrobial properties. AtTLP1 knockout mutant plants showed normal levels of WCS417r-mediated ISR against the bacterial leaf pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, suggesting that expression of AtTLP1 in the roots is not required for systemic expression of ISR in the leaves. Together, these results indicate that induction of AtTLP1 is a local response of Arabidopsis roots to colonization by non-pathogenic fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. and is unlikely to play a role in systemic resistance.

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“…En parallèle à ces recherches, la mise en évidence d'une induction de mécanis-mes de défense suite à des stress environnementaux, à des blessures ou même à des produits chimiques et biologiques a apporté une dimension nouvelle à la notion de résistance induite (Kessmann et al 1994). On comprenait alors que la plante avait la capacité de percevoir et de décoder un signal externe qui, à son tour, déclenchait toute une série d'événements menant à la synthèse coordonnée et à l'accumulation séquentielle de molécules de dé-fense (Benhamou 1993(Benhamou ,1996Sticher et al 1997).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

La résistance induite : une nouvelle stratégie de défense des plantes contre les agents pathogènes

Benhamou¹,

Picard

2005

phyto

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Tout au long de leur co-évolution, les plantes et les microorganismes pathogènes ont développé des relations complexes résultant d'un échange constant d'informations moléculaires. Les agents pathogènes ont élaboré toute une gamme de stratégies offensives pour parasiter les plantes et en contrepartie, les plantes ont déployé un arsenal défensif similaire à bien des égards aux défenses immunitaires animales. Les percées récentes en biologie moléculaire et en transformation des végétaux ont démontré que sensibiliser une plante à répondre plus rapidement à l'infection pouvait lui conférer une protection accrue contre des microorganismes virulents. Un aspect important dans la mise en évidence du rôle joué par les molécules de défense au niveau de l'expression de la résistance est une connaissance exacte de leur localisation spatio-temporelle dans les tissus en état de stress. Afin de cerner le processus associé à l'induction de résistance chez les plantes, l'effet d'éliciteurs biologiques, microbiens et chimiques sur la réponse cellulaire des plantes envers une attaque pathogène a fait l'objet d'investigations et les mécanismes impliqués dans le phénomène ont été étudiés. Dans tous les cas, il a été montré qu'une corrélation existait entre la réponse globale de la plante et des changements dans la biochimie et la physiologie des cellules, lesquels étaient accompagnés de modifications structurales incluant la formation d'appositions pariétales riches en callose et l'infiltration de composés phénoliques aux sites de pénétration potentielle par l'agent pathogène. L'activation du sentier des phénylpropanoïdes est un phénomème crucial dans la restriction de la croissance de l'agent pathogène et dans la survie des cellules-hôtes en conditions de stress. Bien qu'il n'existe que peu d'exemples d'application pratique de la résistance induite en tant que méthode de lutte contre les maladies des plantes, les résultats obtenus à partir de quelques expériences menées en plein champ et en serre sont encourageants et indiquent que cette approche a le potentiel de devenir une stratégie de lutte efficace et durable contre toute une gamme d'agents pathogènes.During the course of their coevolution, plants and pathogens have evolved an intricate relationship resulting from a continuous exchange of molecular information. Pathogens have developed an array of offensive strategies to parasitize plants and, in turn, plants have deployed a wide range of defense mechanisms similar in some respects to the immune defenses produced in animais. The recent advances in molecular biology and plant transformation have provided evidence that sensitizing a plant to respond more rapidly to infection could confer increased protection against virulent pathogens. One important facet in ascertaining the significance of defense molecules in plant disease resistance isthe exact knowledgeof their spatio-temporal distribution in stressed plant tissues. In an effort to understand the process associated with the induction of plant disease resistance, the effect of ...

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Systemic Acquired Resistance

Cited by 1,186 publications

References 250 publications

NPR1: the spider in the web of induced resistance signaling pathways

NPR1: the spider in the web of induced resistance signaling pathways

Colonization of the Arabidopsis rhizosphere by fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. activates a root-specific, ethylene-responsive PR-5 gene in the vascular bundle

La résistance induite : une nouvelle stratégie de défense des plantes contre les agents pathogènes

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