Systèmes de production locaux et gestion des ressources pastorales en Albanie. Entre stratégies d’acteurs et évolutions institutionnelles

Abstract

L’article analyse la dynamique des systèmes d’élevage d’un territoire montagneux albanais sous fortes contraintes socio-économiques, géographiques et historiques. L’objectif est de comprendre les processus qui ont conduit à la coexistence de systèmes d’élevage contrastés dans ce territoire et de montrer comment cette coexistence est liée à l’utilisation des ressources pastorales. Suite à la chute du régime communiste en 1991, la forte migration de la population vers les zones de plaine et la croissance de la demande pour les produits laitiers et carnés ont entraîné une augmentation de la production et de la taille des troupeaux dans ce territoire, avec une pression accrue sur les ressources pastorales. Les enquêtes réalisées dans cinq villages permettent de proposer une typologie des systèmes d’élevage, montrant la diversité des résultats économiques et des usages des ressources pastorales. Ces résultats questionnent l’évolution de l’élevage pastoral en Albanie dans le cadre d’une possible intégration de ce pays à l’Union européenne.

Analysis of the interrelationships of stakeholders involved in the management of transhumance in southern Benin

“…This is also congruent with that of Barnaud et al (2018) on the typology of stakeholders in the management of ecosystem services. In addition, large transhumant herders outside the municipality of Djidja spend part of the year in pastoral areas and are important players in transhumance (Azalou et al, 2019;Bombaj et al, 2021). The stakeholders involved in the management of transhumance in the municipality of Djidja are similar to that reported by Kpéra et al (2012) which highlights a diversity of actors in the management of agro-pastoral dams in northern Benin.…”

“…Natural resource governance is deeply linked to issues of power and equity (Chaudhary et al, 2018). In general, the key to this effectiveness lies in the relationships established between the relevant stakeholders within a community (Bombaj et al, 2021).…”

How does the pressure of demand for pastureland impact local farming systems? Developments and evidence from South-East Albania

“…cit., p. 240. farmers, clearly defined pasture boundaries and the imminent threat of pasture use access by big transhumants from outside the village. 29 This new context has set the initial conditions for a new management of the pasture as a "common" (as per definition given by Elinor Ostrom). 30 However, to manage common pastures sustainably, a better adaptation of local collective organization is needed.…”

The Impact of Public Regulations on Local Production Systems—Why Institutions Matter?

“…As a former communist country, the historical dynamics of pasture management have been characterized by important reforms (such as collectivization in 1945 and de-collectivization in 1991), which constitute discontinuities in pasture management [5]. Aiming at balancing the fragmentation of Albania's current territorial units, the 2016 territorial reform has centralized the current pasture management responsibilities to larger units of governance and established new rules, such as demanding that local farmers pay for a resource which was previously free [6]. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how the allocation of pastures by local and national institutions impacts the farming systems in the municipality of Vithkuq, south-east Albania, and to identify the systems that are the most economically efficient today.…”