Systematics of the Saharo‐Arabian clade of the Palearctic naked‐toed geckos with the description of a new species ofTropiocolotesendemic to Oman

Abstract

Geckos are one of the most species‐rich, abundant, and widely distributed of all Squamata lineages and present several characteristics that have made them favorite model organisms for biogeographical, ecological, physiological, and evolutionary studies. One of the key aspects of any comparative study is to have a robust, comprehensive phylogeny, and an updated taxonomy. Recently, the Infraorder Gekkota has been the subject of several phylogenetic analyses and taxonomic revisions at different levels. Despite all these phylogenetic and taxonomic advances, there are still some groups whose systematics and taxonomy remain highly problematic. Maybe one of the most poorly resolved groups in spite of decades of intensive research by many herpetologists are the so‐called Palearctic naked‐toed geckos of the family Gekkonidae. This group of nocturnal geckos distributed from Mauritania across North Africa, Arabia, southwestern and central Asia to northern India, western China and southern Mongolia is characterized by the synapomorphy of lack of adhesive subdigital pads. Within the Palearctic naked‐toed geckos, the Saharo‐Arabian clade comprised by the genera Pseudoceramodactylus, Stenodactylus, and Tropiocolotes is the clade with the largest distribution range. At the same time, it is one of the problematic groups, presenting poorly supported phylogenetic relationships, with the genus Tropiocolotes being recovered non‐monophyletic in all analyses despite its morphological uniformity. To reassess the phylogeny of the Palearctic naked‐toed geckos with a special interest in the systematics of Tropiocolotes, we assembled a dataset comprising 298 gecko specimens from 283 different species (including all Tropiocolotes species but one) belonging to 122 of a total of 124 described gecko genera. This dataset included the nuclear c‐mos, ACM4, RAG1, RAG2, and PDC and the mitochondrial ND2 gene. To further investigate the relationships within Tropiocolotes and to revise the systematics of the south Arabian endemic species Tropiocolotes scorteccii, we used an integrative approach including information from the nuclear MC1R and c‐mos, the mitochondrial 12S, 16S, cytb genes, and morphological data from nine of the 10 described Tropiocolotes species. The phylogenetic analyses of the Gekkota dataset recovered a similar topology for the Palearctic naked‐toed geckos to previous studies, but in this case, Tropiocolotes was recovered monophyletic in all analyses, with high support in two of them. The results of the analyses of three datasets specifically assembled to test the effect of both gene sampling and taxon sampling in the monophyly of Tropiocolotes, and the internal relationships of the Palearctic naked‐toed geckos clearly showed that both the number and kind of characters (nuclear or mitochondrial data) and the number of taxa played a fundamental role in recovering the correct phylogenetic relationships. The phylogenetic analyses within Tropiocolotes suggested the existence of high levels of undescribed diversity in the south ...

Cryptic diversity revealed in the leaf‐toed gecko Asaccus montanus(Squamata, Phyllodactylidae) from the Hajar Mountains of Arabia

“…We additionally retrieved from GenBank (from the studies of Carranza et al., ; Simó‐Riudalbas et al., ) sequences of all the other Arabian Asaccus species (i.e., A. arnoldi , A. caudivolvulus, A. gallagheri, A. gardneri, A. margaritae, and A. platyrhynchus ) and of other Asaccus species from Iran (i.e., A. elisae, A. griseonotus, and A. nasrullahi ). The monophyly and phylogenetic position of Asaccus within Phyllodactylidae has been established in previous studies (Gamble, Bauer, Greenbaum, & Jackman, ; Gamble et al., ; Gamble, Greenbaum, Jackman, Russell, & Bauer, ; Gamble, Greenbaum, Jackman, & Bauer, ; Garcia‐Porta, Morales, Gómez‐Díaz, Sindaco, & Carranza, ; Machado et al., in press); we thus included as outgroup two specimens of Haemodracon , its phylogenetic sister genus. All new sequences obtained in this study were deposited in GenBank (accession numbers MH752841–MH752979).…”

Evolution of the Gekkotan Adhesive System: Does Digit Anatomy Point to One or More Origins?

“…3) survives further scrutiny, that inferred for branch 11B (Fig. 3) (the Hemidactylus radiation) is clearly distinct from the others and is flanked by an extensive cohort of ancestrally padless (contra Machado et al 2018) taxa ( Fig. 1A andSupplementary Document S2).…”

Diversity patterns and evolutionary history of Arabian squamates

“…For example, many new species have been described or documented for the first time in the Arabian Peninsula (e.g. Carranza & Arnold, 2012;Machado et al, 2019;Sindaco et al, 2018;Šmíd, Moravec, et al, 2017;Šmíd et al, 2015;Tamar, Mitsi, et al, 2019), subspecies have been raised to the species level (Šmíd et al, 2021), generic reassignments have been made (Nazarov et al, 2018;de Pous et al, 2016), candidate species have been delimited (Garcia-Porta et al, 2017;Simó-Riudalbas et al, 2019), results of regional surveys have been published (e.g. Alshammari et al, 2017;Alshammari & Ibrahim, 2015), previously unexplored areas have been surveyed (Metallinou et al, 2014;Šmíd, 2010), and detailed atlases have been compiled (Sindaco & Jeremčenko, 2008;Gardner, 2013;Sindaco et al, 2013 see Appendix S1 for a complete list of references).…”