“…In anticipation of these critical experiments, at least two time projection chambers (TPC) are being commissioned: the Active There already exist some data and corresponding transportmodel predictions for flow and pion ratio observables, but the available experimental and theoretical information is far from complete. The existing data (from the Kaos and FOPI collaborations at GSI) involve nucleon, light cluster, and pion observables measured mainly in Au+Au reactions at energies between 400 MeV and 1.5 GeV per nucleon [106,107]. These data were primarily obtained and analyzed for investigating the EOS of symmetric matter.…”
Section: B Heavy-ion Collisions At Higher Densitiesmentioning
The symmetry energy describes how the energy of nuclear matter rises as one goes away from equal numbers of neutrons and protons. This is very important to describe neutron rich matter in astrophysics. This article reviews our knowledge of the symmetry energy from theoretical calculations, nuclear structure measurements, heavy ion collisions, and astronomical observations. We then present a roadmap to make progress in areas of relevance to the symmetry energy that promotes collaboration between the astrophysics and the nuclear physics communities.
“…In anticipation of these critical experiments, at least two time projection chambers (TPC) are being commissioned: the Active There already exist some data and corresponding transportmodel predictions for flow and pion ratio observables, but the available experimental and theoretical information is far from complete. The existing data (from the Kaos and FOPI collaborations at GSI) involve nucleon, light cluster, and pion observables measured mainly in Au+Au reactions at energies between 400 MeV and 1.5 GeV per nucleon [106,107]. These data were primarily obtained and analyzed for investigating the EOS of symmetric matter.…”
Section: B Heavy-ion Collisions At Higher Densitiesmentioning
The symmetry energy describes how the energy of nuclear matter rises as one goes away from equal numbers of neutrons and protons. This is very important to describe neutron rich matter in astrophysics. This article reviews our knowledge of the symmetry energy from theoretical calculations, nuclear structure measurements, heavy ion collisions, and astronomical observations. We then present a roadmap to make progress in areas of relevance to the symmetry energy that promotes collaboration between the astrophysics and the nuclear physics communities.
“…[15]. The FOPI pion data are from [16]: filled symbols correspond to positive pions, and open symbols, to negative pions; the rapidity average is taken over the interval −1.8 < y − yc.m. < 0.…”
Section: Elliptic Flowmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In this paper we would like to turn to lower energies of the SIS-AGS-SPS region. The experimental data [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20] in this energy region are much more fragmentary than in the RHIC domain. In the future they will be essentially complemented by new facilities, FAIR in Darmstadt and NICA in Dubna, as well as by experiments within the low-energy-scan program at RHIC.…”
Elliptic flow in heavy-ion collisions at incident energies E lab ≃ (1-160)A GeV is analyzed within the model of 3-fluid dynamics (3FD). We show that a simple correction factor, taking into account dissipative affects, allows us to adjust the 3FD results to experimental data. This single-parameter fit results in a good reproduction of the elliptic flow as a function of the incident energy, centrality of the collision and rapidity. The experimental scaling of pion eccentricity-scaled elliptic flow versus charged-hadron-multiplicity density per unit transverse area turns out to be also reasonably described. Proceeding from values of the Knudsen number, deduced from this fit, we estimate the upper limit the shear viscosity-to-entropy ratio as η/s ∼ 1 − 2 at the SPS incident energies. This value is of the order of minimal η/s observed in water and liquid nitrogen.
“…[29]. This data set does not provide sufficient information to address some of the contradictory interpretations of theoretical analyses by refs.…”
Section: Simulation Detailsmentioning
confidence: 84%
“…Specifically, the published pion data in Ref. [29] are limited to the net yields of charged pions; the pion energy spectra were not obtained. Thus, the roles of Coulomb effects and the pionic optical potentials [30][31][32] on the relative production of positive and negative pions cannot be adequately tested by that data, nor can the data sufficiently constrain the theoretical modeling of such effects.…”
Pion energy spectra are presented for central collisions of neutron-rich 132 Sn+ 124 Sn and neutron-deficient 108 Sn+ 112 Sn systems using simulations with Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck transport model. These calculations, which incorporate isospin-dependent mean field potentials for relevant baryons and mesons, display a sensitivity to the pion spectra that could allow significant constraints on the density dependence of the symmetry energy and its mean field potential at supra-saturation densities. The predicted sensitivity increases with the isospin asymmetry of the total system and decreases with incident energy.
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