Systematics of Anopheles (Cellia) yaeyamaensis sp. n., alias species E of the An. minimus complex in southeastern Asia (Diptera: Culicidae)

Worldwide and in India, malaria elimination efforts are being ramped up to eradicate the disease by 2030. Malaria elimination efforts in North-East (NE) India will have a great bearing on the overall efforts to eradicate malaria in the rest of India. The first cases of chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance were reported in NE India, and the source of these drug resistant parasites are most likely from South East Asia (SEA). NE India is the only land route through which the parasites from SEA can enter the Indian mainland. India’s malaria drug policy had to be constantly updated due to the emergence of drug resistant parasites in NE India. Malaria is highly endemic in many parts of NE India, and Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the majority of the cases. Highly efficient primary vectors and emerging secondary vectors complicate malaria elimination efforts in NE India. Many of the high transmission zones in NE India are tribal belts, and are difficult to access. The review details the malaria epidemiology in seven NE Indian states from 2008 to 2018. In addition, the origin and evolution of resistance to major anti-malarials are discussed. Furthermore, the bionomics of primary vectors and emergence of secondary malaria vectors, and possible strategies to prevent and control malaria in NE are outlined.

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“…Present day taxonomy of the An. minimus complex has been resolved by painstaking work of several groups [57][58][59][60]. An.…”

Section: Vectors Of Ne Indiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria in North-East India: Importance and Implications in the Era of Elimination

Sarma¹,

Mohapatra

Bhattacharyya

et al. 2019

Microorganisms

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“…yaeyamaensis Somboon & Harbach (former An. minimus species E), with distinct bionomical characteristics and distribution records [33–35]. These three designated species are difficult to distinguish due to overlapping morphological characters, yet these can only be identified reliably by a number of molecular assays [36–38].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…is reported to occur in the Oriental region of countries including India, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Southern China comprising Hong Kong, Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands of Japan [11, 31, 35, 37, 43–45] (Figs. 1 and 2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biology, distribution and control of Anopheles (Cellia) minimus in the context of malaria transmission in northeastern India

Dev

Manguin

2016

Parasites Vectors

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Among six dominant mosquito vector species involved in malaria transmission in India, Anopheles minimus is a major species in northeast India and held responsible for focal disease outbreaks characterized by high-rise of Plasmodium falciparum infections and attributable death cases. It has been now genetically characterized that among the three-member species of the Minimus Complex spread in Asia, An. minimus (former species A) is prevalent in India including northeastern states and east-central state of Odisha. It is recorded in all seasons and accounts for perennial transmission evidenced by records of sporozoite infections. This species is highly anthropophilic, and largely endophilic and endophagic, recorded breeding throughout the year in slow flowing seepage water streams. The populations of An. minimus in India are reported to be highly diverse indicating population expansion with obvious implications for judicious application of vector control interventions. Given the rapid ecological changes due to deforestation, population migration and expansion and developmental activities, there is scope for further research on the existence of potential additional sibling species within the An. minimus complex and bionomics studies on a large geographical scale for species sanitation. For control of vector populations, DDT continues to be applied on account of retaining susceptibility status even after decades of residual spraying. Anopheles minimus is a highly adaptive species and requires continuous and sustained efforts for its effective control to check transmission and spread of drug-resistant malaria. Anopheles minimus populations are reportedly diminishing in northeastern India whereas it has staged comeback in east-central State of Odisha after decades of disappearance with its eco-biological characteristics intact. It is the high time to siege the opportunity for strengthening interventions against this species for its population diminution to sub-optimal levels for reducing transmission in achieving malaria elimination by target date of 2030.

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“…The fifth species, An. minimus species E, appears to be restricted to small island groups in southern Japan [30] and was subsequently named Anopheles yaeyamaensis Somboon & Harbach [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anopheles species diversity and distribution of the malaria vectors of Thailand

Tainchum

Kongmee

Manguin

et al. 2015

Trends in Parasitology

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Systematics of Anopheles (Cellia) yaeyamaensis sp. n., alias species E of the An. minimus complex in southeastern Asia (Diptera: Culicidae)

Cited by 16 publications

References 30 publications

Malaria in North-East India: Importance and Implications in the Era of Elimination

Malaria in North-East India: Importance and Implications in the Era of Elimination

Biology, distribution and control of Anopheles (Cellia) minimus in the context of malaria transmission in northeastern India

Anopheles species diversity and distribution of the malaria vectors of Thailand

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