Systematics of Amaryllidaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid sequence data

Abstract

Cladistic analyses of plastid DNA sequences rbcL and trnL-F are presented separately and combined for 48 genera of Amaryllidaceae and 29 genera of related asparagalean families. The combined analysis is the most highly resolved of the three and provides good support for the monophyly of Amaryllidaceae and indicates Agapanthaceae as its sister family. Alliaceae are in turn sister to the Amaryllidaceae/Agapanthaceae clade. The origins of the family appear to be western Gondwanaland (Africa), and infrafamilial relationships are resolved along biogeographic lines. Tribe Amaryllideae, primarily South African, is sister to the rest of Amaryllidaceae; this tribe is supported by numerous morphological synapomorphies as well. The remaining two African tribes of the family, Haemantheae and Cyrtantheae, are well supported, but their position relative to the Australasian Calostemmateae and a large clade comprising the Eurasian and American genera, is not yet clear. The Eurasian and American elements of the family are each monophyletic sister clades. Internal resolution of the Eurasian clade only partially supports currently accepted tribal concepts, and few conclusions can be drawn on the relationships of the genera based on these data. A monophyletic Lycorideae (Central and East Asian) is weakly supported. Galanthus and Leucojum (Galantheae pro parte) are supported as sister genera by the bootstrap. The American clade shows a higher degree of internal resolution. Hippeastreae (minus Griffinia and Worsleya) are well supported, and Zephyranthinae are resolved as a distinct subtribe. An Andean clade marked by a chromosome number of 2n = 46 (and derivatives thereof) is resolved with weak support. The plastid DNA phylogenies are discussed in the context of biogeography and character evolution in the family.

The genus Tocantinia (Amaryllidaceae, Amaryllidoideae) and two new species from Brazil

“…According to García et al (2014), despite the systematic attention Hippeastreae has received due to its horticultural importance, generic relationships within the tribe have been and are still being discussed (e.g. Traub, 1963;Ravenna, 2003;Flagg et al, 2010;Meerow, 2010;García et al, 2014), due to the lack of diacritic morphological diagnostic characters and significant homoplasy, the latter a common feature of Amaryllidoideae (Meerow et al, 1999), probably a reflection of its reticulate evolutionary history.…”

“…The "Hippeastroide" clade includes the tribes Hippeastreae Herbert ex Robert (1829: t. 14) and Griffineae Ravenna (1974: 65) with a large species diversity and endemic to Brazil (Meerow et al, 2000;Meerow, 2010). The original description of Tocantinia, Ravenna (2000) proposed the creation of the tribe Tocantinieae Ravenna (2000: 12) to cover the monogeneric and monospecific genus, represented by Tocantinia mira (2000: 10).…”

“…Amaryllidaceae has a worldwide distribution, predominantly tropical (Meerow et al, 1999; and shows remarkable diversity in the Neotropics, particularly in Brazil and in the Andean sector of Chile, Ecuador and Peru (Meerow, 2004). In Brazil, there are 14 genera and 150 species of Amaryllidaceae, and the subfamily Amaryllidoideae has the highest diversity with 12 genera and 103 species.…”

Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Genus Zephyranthes

“…Some species of this genus are widespread whereas some are confined to small geographical area. Broadly these plants are distributed in temperate to tropical areas of the world [6,7].…”

Flora da Cadeia do Espinhaço:Zephyranthes Herb. & Habranthus Herb. (Amaryllidaceae).

“…Quanto à filogenia, Amaryllidaceae tem se apresentado como um grupo monofilético sustentado pela presença dos alcalóides específicos, ovário ínfero, e por evidência de seqüenciamento de rbcL e trnL-F, separando-a das famílias Agapanthaceae e Alliaceae (MEEROW et al 1999). • Contribuir para o conhecimento na flora da região;…”