Systematic study of hydrogenation in a diamond amplifier

Wang, Erdong; Ben‐Zvi, I.; Chang, X.; Wu, Qiong; Rao, T.; Smedley, J.; Kewisch, J.; Xin, Tianmu

doi:10.1103/physrevstab.14.061302

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…Disadvantage of the rare gas solids compared to the diamond is that the RGS need low temperature and vacuum conditions for preparation and operation of a cathode. On the other hand, the obvious advantage of using RGS is possibility of manufacturing cathodes of the orders of magnitude larger area compared to those fabricated using the diamond single crystal [43]. Hereupon, the RGS cathodes would be, undoubtedly, the most sensitive units.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of surface structure in photoelectron emission from solid Ne: Impurities, defect, and low-coordinated sites

Dmitriev

2012

Low Temperature Physics

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Electron emission was obtained from a solid Ne sample growing from the gas phase on a low temperature substrate. The surface of the sample was irradiated by the light of an open-source microwave discharge running in the gaseous Ne. The irradiation produces electron emission from the sample. A second gas flow of D 2 was, simultaneously, passed onto the substrate avoiding the discharge zone. Free electrons ejected into a vacuum chamber during the sample growth were detected by means of the electron cyclotron resonance technique. The emission shows nonmonotonic dependence on the impurity D 2 concentration. At small concentration, the electron yield is found to increase significantly at increasing the dopant flow rate, while, at moderate concentrations, the yield tends to decrease with increasing the flow rate. A tentative explanation of the observed effect is presented based on the exceptional properties which the neon-hydrogen solid mixture is believed to have.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of surface structure in photoelectron emission from solid Ne: Impurities, defect, and low-coordinated sites

Dmitriev

2012

Low Temperature Physics

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“…A diamond amplifier (DA) following an electron source, such as a photocathode, is very effective for generating high peak and average current, high-brightness electron beams [1][2][3]. Under the conditions of our current test setup, the highest emission gain is 200, limited by the maximum primary electron energy (10 keV) from our electron gun.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Then, the accumulation of electrons that fail to be emitted leads to a gradual reduction of the diamond's internal field with time during the applied emission pulses. In our earlier experiments [1][2][3], we neutralized the stopped electrons between the emission pulses (neutralization period), such that every emission pulse started in a state with no trapped charge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neutralizing trapped electrons on the hydrogenated surface of a diamond amplifier

Chang

Ben‐Zvi

Rao

et al. 2012

Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams

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We discuss our investigation of electron trapping in a diamond amplifier (DA). Our previous work demonstrated that some electrons reaching the DA's hydrogenated surface are not emitted. The state and the removal of these electrons is important for DA applications. We found that these stopped electrons are trapped, and cannot be removed by a strong reversed-polarity electric field; to neutralize this surface charge, holes must be sent to the hydrogenated surface to recombine with the trapped electrons through the Shockley-Read-Hall surface-recombination mechanism. We measured the time taken for such recombination on the hydrogenated surface, viz. the recombination time, as less than 5 ns, limited by the resolution of our test system. With this measurement, we demonstrated that DA could be operated in an rf cavity with frequency of a few hundred megahertz.

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“…Diamond amplifiers demonstrably are an electron source with the potential to support high-brightness, high-average-current emission into a vacuum. In previous experiments, we demonstrated an emission gain up to 178 [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We approached the problem as follows: We prepared four nearly identical hydrogenated-diamond samples following the procedure outlined in Ref. [1] and measured the fraction of electrons emitted as a function of the pulse length and magnitude of the applied field. We propose a model of emission that rests upon the measured effect of the shielding on recombination near the metal-diamond interface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary-electron emission from hydrogen-terminated diamond: Experiments and model

Wang

Ben‐Zvi

Rao

et al. 2011

Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams

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A hydrogen-terminated diamond is a proven efficient electron emitter that can support emission of high average current. Several factors dictate the amplifier's gain: the number of secondary electrons created at their point of entry into the diamond, the fraction of created electrons transmitted to the emitting face, and the fraction of transmitted electrons emitted. In this paper, we present a model detailing the impact of charge trapping at the surface on the instantaneous electric field inside the diamond, and its effect on the transmission gain. The ratio of instantaneous emitted electrons to the transmitted electrons depends on the electron's energy distribution and the surface barrier. We calculated the latter by evaluating the magnitude of the negative-electron affinity that is modified by the Schottky effect due to the presence of the external applied field. The instantaneous values then were time integrated to yield the time-averaged ratio of the number of emitted electrons to the transmitted ones. The findings from the model agree very well with our experimental measurements. As an application of the model, we estimate the energy spread of the electrons inside the diamond from the measured secondary-electron emission.

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Systematic study of hydrogenation in a diamond amplifier

Cited by 8 publications

References 7 publications

Role of surface structure in photoelectron emission from solid Ne: Impurities, defect, and low-coordinated sites

Role of surface structure in photoelectron emission from solid Ne: Impurities, defect, and low-coordinated sites

Neutralizing trapped electrons on the hydrogenated surface of a diamond amplifier

Secondary-electron emission from hydrogen-terminated diamond: Experiments and model

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