Laparoscopic surgery has become a standard gastrointestinal procedure that is currently the first choice. Despite this, there are some ongoing debates, some of which concern the surgical incision. Although adding an incision in the umbilicus has been avoided for fear of increased rates of surgical site infection (SSI) and postoperative adhesion, it was not associated with complications (1). There are a number of advantages, including esthetic ones; therefore, we have performed transumbilical incisions for organ removal since shortly after the introduction of laparoscopic surgery in the 1990s. For anatomical reasons, transumbilical incisions can easily be craniocaudally extended to adjust for the size of the excised organs, while maintaining the incision length at a minimum. Therefore, in our Department, after inserting 12-mm ports in the umbilicus, we extend the umbilical wound by approximately 3-5 cm in a craniocaudal direction to remove organs or anastomose them outside the body. In this study, we evaluated the complication rates and risk factors associated with transumbilical incisions and compared the incidence of its complications between colorectal and gastric resections in a cohort study of 643 consecutive laparoscopy performed at our Department in 4 years to examine the usefulness of this incision for laparoscopic abdominal surgery.
Patients and MethodsStudy design. This was a cohort study of 643 consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic procedures at the Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological and General Surgery, Showa University, Japan, between January 2010 and December 2013. We excluded the following cases (n=447): those with followup at other hospitals from the early postoperative period within 3 months from surgery (n=221), those without organ removal from the transumbilical wound (n=115), those converted to laparotomy (n=65), and those undergoing multiple simultaneous procedures (n=46). Finally, 643 cases were included. The study protocol was approved by the Showa University Institutional Review Board (Approval number: 1917).Data collection and outcomes. Data were collected from our hospital database on patient sex, age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), past history of diabetes mellitus (DM), type of surgery, surgical duration, amount of blood loss, maximum tumor diameter, intraoperative accident, SSI, umbilical wound port site hernia, and length of postoperative hospital stay. SSI was defined according to the criteria of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (2). Wound hernia was defined according to the definition by Tonouchi et al. (3). In order to evaluate early-and late-onset umbilical wound complications for laparoscopic procedures, we followed-up the patients every 3 months in the first postoperative year, and yearly thereafter for 3 years. We evaluated SSI as a short-term complication, and umbilical port site 943