Systematic review of the nature of nursing care described by using the Caring Behaviours Inventory

Abstract

Aim To describe the nature of care received by patients measured through the Caring Behaviours Inventory. Background Professional nursing practice combines two dimensions of caring: instrumental care and expressive care. Instrumental care focuses on physical health needs, in terms of efficiency and employs interventions based on evidence. Expressive care is patient‐centred and based on the interpersonal relationship. It requires caring attitudes that include respect, kindness, sensitivity and patience. The Caring Behaviours Inventory is a tool designed to assess the care expressed through the behaviours nurses perform, contextualised within the Jean Watson's Theory of Human Caring. Methods A systematic review following PRISMA recommendations. Scopus, PubMed and CINAHL databases were consulted using the keywords “Caring Behaviours Inventory” AND “Nursing”. The Joanna Briggs Institute tool was used for the quality appraisal. A conceptual analysis and a thematic synthesis were performed for data extraction. Results 11 articles were selected. Three categories were identified: nature of caring, congruence between perceived care by patients and nurses, and factors associated with the expression of care. Discussion An emphasis on care of an instrumental nature was identified. The perception of patients differs from that of nurses, patients perceive a lower level of expressive caring than the one nurses believe to deliver. Caring behaviours are affected by the working environment, nurses' emotional intelligence and coping skills, and socio‐demographic characteristics. Conclusion This paper described the findings of previous research regarding the nature of care that is transmitted and received in clinical practice. Results highlight an emphasis on the instrumental aspect of the nursing care according to the patients' perception. Relevance to clinical practice Findings summarised in this review could contribute to a better understanding of the nursing care. Results reported in this paper could also help to improve the quality of care delivered by nurses as well as patient‐centeredness.

Social Image of Nursing. An Integrative Review about a Yet Unknown Profession

“…The perception of patients differs from that of nurses; patients perceive a lower level of personal care than the one nurses believe that they deliver. Caring behaviors are affected by the working environment, nurses’ emotional intelligence and coping skills, and socio-demographic characteristics [ 2 ]. In fact, the perceived care in the nurse-patient relationship is high and instrumental in nature, and it can be stated that nurses consider that through their behaviors they transmit more care than the users perceive they receive [ 3 ].…”

Psychometric Properties of the Greek Version of the Caring Behaviors Inventory-16

“…The Caring Behaviors Inventory scale (CBI) was developed based on Watson's theory [15]. It has been revised in several versions (43 and 42-item, 24-item, and 6-item) with excellent reliability (Cronbach's alpha 0.95-0.98) [16]. The various versions of this scale study the dimensions of "safety," "knowledge and skills," "respectful deference," "connectness," and "human presence" [16].…”

“…It has been revised in several versions (43 and 42-item, 24-item, and 6-item) with excellent reliability (Cronbach's alpha 0.95-0.98) [16]. The various versions of this scale study the dimensions of "safety," "knowledge and skills," "respectful deference," "connectness," and "human presence" [16]. The CBI-24 has been validated in a sample of Cypriot and Greek nurses and patients [17].…”

Perceptions of Caring Behavior Among Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Three-Cohort Observational Study

“…32 Furthermore, nursing practice based on task-oriented care, where tasks are considered isolated duties, risks providing fragmented and non-person -centred care, fostering the depersonalization of caring. 33 The characteristics of the clinical learning environment could negatively influence students' learning in clinical setting. Nurse educators should encourage the creation of a positive learning environment that models and promotes caring through positive faculty and role modelling, since, as Labrague et al 12 suggested, instructors who teach caring positively influence nursing students' caring behavior.…”