Systematic Review of Exposure to Bisphenol A Alternatives and Its Effects on Reproduction and Thyroid Endocrine System in Zebrafish

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA), which is widely used for manufacturing polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, has been banned from use in plastic baby bottles because of concerns regarding endocrine disruption. Substances with similar chemical structures have been used as BPA alternatives; however, limited information is available on their toxic effects. In the present study, we reviewed the endocrine disrupting potential in the gonad and thyroid endocrine system in zebrafish after exposure to BPA and its alternatives (i.e., bisphenol AF, bisphenol C, bisphenol F, bisphenol S, bisphenol SIP, and bisphenol Z). Most BPA alternatives disturbed the endocrine system by altering the levels of genes and hormones involved in reproduction, development, and growth in zebrafish. Changes in gene expression related to steroidogenesis and sex hormone production were more prevalent in males than in females. Vitellogenin, an egg yolk precursor produced in females, was also detected in males, confirming that it could induce estrogenicity. Exposure to bisphenols in the parental generation induced a decrease in the hatchability associated with offspring generation. In zebrafish exposed to bisphenols, significant decreases in thyroxine concentrations and increases in thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations were commonly observed. Alternative compounds used to replace a chemical of concern are believed to be less toxic than the original compound; however, several BPA alternatives appear to have similar or greater effects on the endocrine system in zebrafish. Since endocrine systems interact with each other, further studies are needed to assess the primary target of BPA alternatives among the endocrine axes.

Waterborne Tebuconazole Exposure Induces Male-Biased Sex Differentiation in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Larvae via Aromatase Inhibition

“…Studies have found that BPA substitutes affect both reproductive and thyroid systems in zebrafish. 97 Prochloraz also induces crosstalk among the HPG, hypothalamic−pituitary−adrenal, and HPT axes in zebrafish. 98…”

“…Endocrine disruptors may therefore interfere with the entire endocrine system of an individual. Studies have found that BPA substitutes affect both reproductive and thyroid systems in zebrafish . Prochloraz also induces crosstalk among the HPG, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal, and HPT axes in zebrafish .…”

Plastic compounds and liver diseases: Whether bisphenol A is the only culprit

“…It indicates that endocrine disruption is happening in the case of BP analogues or BPA alternatives as well. 36 BPA induces increased peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression, causing downregulation of metabolic enzymes of cytochromes P450 (CYP) family and increasing the lipid accumulation in the cells. 37 Currently, oestrogen deficiency is recognized as a risk factor for hepatic steatosis.…”

“…Its mRNA expression was found to be significantly higher in male zebrafish exposed to BPA, BPS, BPAF and BPF. It indicates that endocrine disruption is happening in the case of BP analogues or BPA alternatives as well 36 . BPA induces increased peroxisome proliferators–activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression, causing downregulation of metabolic enzymes of cytochromes P450 (CYP) family and increasing the lipid accumulation in the cells 37 .…”

Preparation of Magnetic Dummy Molecularly Imprinted Meso-Porous Silica Nanoparticles Using a Semi-Covalent Imprinting Approach for the Rapid and Selective Removal of Bisphenols from Environmental Water Samples

“…These dummy templates have a chemical structure similar to BPA, which eliminates template leakage and improves sensitivity. Unfortunately, the majority of dummy templates have estrogenic effects, which can lead to secondary contamination that is risky to human health and the environment [13]. As a result, developing a highly selective, environmentally friendly, nontoxic, and nonhazardous dummy template for BPs is critical.…”