Systematic Review of Evidence Pertaining to Factors That Modify Risk of Early Childhood Caries

Moynihan, Paula; Tanner, Louise; Holmes, Richard D.; Hillier-Brown, Frances; Mashayekhi, Atefeh; Kelly, Sarah; Craig, Dawn

doi:10.1177/2380084418824262

Cited by 61 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…While breastfeeding has sometimes been mistaken as a risk factor for ECC in the past, it is actually protective and associated with lower odds for caries (1, 27, 66, 67). However, breastfeeding beyond 24 months of age has been reported to be associated with an increased risk for ECC (68, 69).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Burden of Early Childhood Caries in Canadian Children and Associated Risk Factors

Pierce

Singh

Lee

et al. 2019

Front. Public Health

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Introduction: Early childhood caries (ECC) is any caries in the primary dentition occurring in children under the age of six. ECC is common in many population groups in Canada. Objective: The purpose of this review was to describe the burden of ECC in Canada, the prevalence and associated risk factors for ECC, and its impact on childhood health based on the existing published literature. Methods: A review was conducted to assess published Canadian studies on ECC identified through searches of electronic databases. Databased searched included PubMed, Medline, Cinahl, and the library catalog of the University of Manitoba. Known publications on ECC that were not identified by the electronic search were also considered. Only the studies that reported the prevalence of ECC or caries in preschool aged children were considered. In-depth assessments were restricted to those studies that employed logistic regression analysis to investigate relationship between ECC and risk factors or nutritional status and quality of life. Results: A total of 36 studies were identified that related to ECC in Canadian children. Overall, 27 related to prevalence and 12 reported on risk factors, four related to the association between severe ECC and nutritional health and well-being, while only one related to the oral microbiome composition. Published studies reveal that the prevalence of ECC can be as high as 98% in some parts of Canada. Commonly identified risk factors include age, sex, socioeconomic status, parental beliefs, family characteristics, debris/plaque, enamel hypoplasia, and behavioral (oral health or feeding behaviors) tendencies. Conclusions: Current literature reveals that many Canadian children are affected by ECC. The development of ECC appears to be strongly associated with social determinants of health including low household income and the level of parental education or employment status. Associations were also observed between ECC and the child's age at first dental visit and parental beliefs about child's oral health. Children with enamel hypoplasia are also at significantly greater odds for experiencing caries. Future research should include assessments of developmental defects of enamel to better understand the association between enamel hypoplasia and ECC.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Burden of Early Childhood Caries in Canadian Children and Associated Risk Factors

Pierce

Singh

Lee

et al. 2019

Front. Public Health

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“…A study from the United Kingdom evaluated the types of fruits and vegetables used in 329 CCF which had the fruits and vegetables in the product name and reported that CCF contained predominantly fruits and relatively sweet vegetables [ 23 ]. This is of concern, since high sugar intakes can contribute to the risk of childhood overweight/obesity and dental caries [ 24 ]. Furthermore, exposure to sweet products during infancy can promote a preference for sweet foods [ 25 ] and poor eating habits in childhood [ 26 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional Adequacy of Commercial Complementary Cereals in Germany

Theurich¹,

Koletzko²,

Grote³

2020

Nutrients

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Commercial cereals are among the first complementary foods fed to infants in Germany and elsewhere. The purpose of this national survey is to describe the nutritional adequacy of commercial complementary cereals. A comprehensive, cross-sectional survey of cereal manufacturer websites (n = 15) was conducted from March to April 2019. Food labels were analyzed for iron, zinc, iodine, sodium, and sugar contents in commercial complementary cereals, and ingredient lists were evaluated for whole grains and added sugars. Preparation instructions were evaluated for the type of liquid recommended for reconstitution. Among 164 commercial complementary cereals, few contain iron (n = 43, 26%), zinc (n = 23, 14%) or iodine (n = 43, 26%). Sodium contents fall within EU thresholds. Most cereals were single grain, containing only wheat (n = 54), with half of the products (n = 86, 52%) containing whole grains. The average carbohydrate content of dry cereals is 69 g/100 g ± 9 g of which 14 ± 15 g is sugar. Preparation instructions for breakfast porridges and cereals recommend formula or toddler milk, while few recommend human milk (n = 13, 18%). Few commercial complementary cereals contain appreciable amounts (at least 15% of daily reference values) of zinc, iron, or iodine. A quarter of cereal carbohydrates are sugar and one-third of the products contain added sugars. Future directives should stipulate minimum micronutrient levels, strictly regulate sugar contents, and include human milk among preparation instructions.

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“…Some studies confirmed that up to 24 months breastfeeding did not affected oral health, but others showed less association between breastfeeding longer than 24 months of age and risk for ECC (55).…”

Section: Evidence Opposing a Link Between Ecc And Breastfeedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breastfeeding: The perspective of paediatric dentist

Marković

Vuković

et al. 2019

Zdravstvena zaštita

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_______ 35 SAŽETAKSavremene preporuke Evropske i Američke akademije dečjih stomatologa i Međunarodnog udruženja dečjih stomatologa savetuju postepeni prekid dojenja nakon nicanja mlečnih zuba kako bi se smanjio rizik od nastanka karijesa ranog detinjstva (KRD). Sa druge strane, preporuke Svetske zdravstvene organizacije, preporuke Američke akademije pedijatara i stručnjaka iz oblasti ishrane prepoznaju brojne kratkoročne i dugoročne pozitivne efekte dojenja i podržavaju isključivo dojenje do uzrasta od šest meseci, a zatim postepeno uvođenje čvrste hrane sa nastavkom dojenja uz neograničeno i dojenje na zahtev do druge godine deteta i duže. Cilj ovog preglednog rada je bio da se analiziraju savremeni podaci u literaturi o uticaju dojenja na nastanak KRD, kako bi se doprinelo formiranju jedinstvenog stava i pružila jasna informacija majkama kako prevenirati KRD. Na osnovu pretraživanja Pub Med baze podataka, uočava se da postoji povezanost između dojenja i KRD, ali nije dovoljno argumentovano koje su najbolje mere u prevenciji karijesa. Imajući u vidu poznate pozitivne efekte dojenja, smatra se da je preporučljivo pratiti savremene pedijatrijske preporuke koje savetuju neograničeno dojenje koliko god to uzajamno prija majci i detetu. Ipak, potrebno je imati u vidu neophodnost ranih preventivnih poseta dečjem stomatologu i edukacije zdravstvenih radnika radi adekvatnih i blagovremenih saveta o higijeni usne u duplje i ishrani kako bi se izbegao nastanak karijesa ranog detinjstva i omogućilo blagovremeno dijagnostikovnje inicijalnih lezija. Neophodna su dalja istraživanja u ovoj UDK BROJEVI: 616.314-083.953.11-053.2 SUMMARY Current recommendations by the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry, American Academy of Paediatric Dentistry, and International Association of Paediatric Dentistry advocate weaning from breast milk and avoiding unrestricted breastfeeding after the eruption of primary teeth in order to lower the risk of early childhood caries (ECC). However, World Health Organization, American Academy of Paediatrics and nutritional recommendations support exclusive breastfeeding up to six months of age, following continued breastfeeding along with appropriate complementary foods, favouring unrestricted and prolonged breastfeeding even beyond the age of two. The purpose of this review is to discuss current data in the literature regarding the association between breastfeeding and ECC in order to address this problem and to provide consistent recommendations. PubMed search revealed possible link between breastfeeding and ECC, however without evidence strong enough to establish the appropriate oral health preventive recommendation. Having in mind known benefits of breastfeeding, it is advisable to adhere to current paediatric guidelines which promote unrestricted breastfeeding as long as it is mutually desired by mother and child. This recommendation doesn't exclude but complements the prevention and timely treatment of ECC. Furthermore, there is a need to highlight the importance of education of parents and hea...

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Systematic Review of Evidence Pertaining to Factors That Modify Risk of Early Childhood Caries

Cited by 61 publications

References 39 publications

The Burden of Early Childhood Caries in Canadian Children and Associated Risk Factors

The Burden of Early Childhood Caries in Canadian Children and Associated Risk Factors

Nutritional Adequacy of Commercial Complementary Cereals in Germany

Breastfeeding: The perspective of paediatric dentist

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