Systematic review of environmental risk factors for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A proposed roadmap from association to causation

Brander, Gustaf; Pérez-Vigil, Ana; Larsson, Henrik; Mataix‐Cols, David

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.011

Cited by 121 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 138 publications

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“…These have been studied widely with regard to autism spectrum disorders and ADHD, but not to OCD. Background factors for the possible true increase in the incidence of OCD may include prenatal exposure to environmental toxins [ 43 ], medications during pregnancy [ 44 ], adverse prenatal or perinatal events [ 45 , 46 ], advanced parental age [ 17 , 47 ] and parenting and lifestyle related factors [ 25 , 48 ]. Infections and autoimmune mechanisms have also been suggested to underlie the increasing incidence of OCD, particularly paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with the streptococcal infections subtype [ 49 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent systematic review of environmental risk factors of OCD listed only few studies on sociodemographic factors with limited quality [ 25 ]. Previous studies of the associations between parental socioeconomic status (SES) and OCD have shown inconsistent findings and none of these have been register-based studies [ 8 , 11 , 14 , 26 – 29 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Register-based study of the incidence, comorbidities and demographics of obsessive-compulsive disorder in specialist healthcare

et al. 2017

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BackgroundIncidence of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been suspected to increase but nationwide epidemiological studies are limited. This study aims to examine sex-specific incidence time trends and characterize psychiatric and neurodevelopmental comorbidities and sociodemographic risk factors of OCD in specialist healthcare in Finland.MethodsA nationwide register-based study using data from four Finnish registers identified 3372 OCD cases and 13,372 matched controls (1:4). Cumulative incidence in subjects born between 1987 and 2001 was estimated at ages of 10, 15, 20 and 23 years. Conditional logistic regression was used to examine the sociodemographic factors.ResultsThe cumulative incidence of OCD was 0.4% by age 23. Incidence by age 15 among three cohorts increased from 12.4 to 23.7 /10000 live born males and 8.5 to 28.0 /10000 live born females. 73% of the sample had a comorbid condition. Males were significantly more comorbid with psychotic and developmental disorders; females were more comorbid with depressive and anxiety disorders (p <0.001). Higher maternal SES was associated with an increased risk of OCD (OR 1.4; 95% CI 1.1–1.6).ConclusionsThese findings suggest that incidence of treated OCD in specialist healthcare has increased. The reason may be increased awareness and rate of referrals but a true increase cannot be ruled out. Further research on risk factors of OCD is warranted.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Register-based study of the incidence, comorbidities and demographics of obsessive-compulsive disorder in specialist healthcare

et al. 2017

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“…Evidence for a link between OCD and childhood physical trauma is more mixed, however, with work both supporting (Carpenter & Chung, 2011;Grisham et al, 2011) and contradicting (Lochner et al, 2002;Mathews, Kaur, & Stein, 2008) the connection. In sum, a review by Brander, Pérez-Vigil, Larsson, and Mataix-Cols (2016) concludes that the literature largely supports the association between interpersonal trauma and OC symptoms, although the authors caution readers to consider studies with negative findings (e.g., Cath, van Grootheest, Willemsen, van Oppen, & Boomsma, 2008;Chou, 2012), as well as the limitations of retrospective report biases on this work. Also of note, this literature (except for one study by Badour et al, 2011) has largely focused on interpersonal trauma without directly com-paring associations with OC symptoms for individuals exposedfor noninterpersonal traumas.…”

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confidence: 94%

Obsessive-compulsive symptom profiles in individuals exposed to interpersonal versus noninterpersonal trauma

Ojserkis

McKay

2020

Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic

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“…However, estimates over time in other studies have varied considerably due to different factors, such as methodological inconsistencies, assessments of clinical evaluators compared with lay evaluators, non-description of subclinical symptoms, not taking into account the severity of the condition, as well as other factors such as the cultural environment, where it is manifested, and access to treatment. In this sense, attempts have been made to analyze environmental risk factors; yet, some authors think that there is still insufficient evidence associated with OCD [ 16 ].…”

Section: Culture Mental Health and Ocdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Culture in Obsessive-compulsive Disorder and Its Treatment

Nicolini¹,

Salín-Pascual²,

Cabrera

et al. 2018

CPSR

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Background: The aspects of cultural identity and its impact on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have been un-derstudied. There are different opinions, ranging from the idea that culture does not affect the symptoms of this condition to the idea that cultures with high religiosity may have more severity of OCD. Also, the concept of OCD has considerably var-ied across history and cultures, from being considered an issue related to lack of control of blasphemous ideas, and a part of anxious issues, to the description of complex neurobiological systems in its causation.Objective: The aim of this review was to address OCD as a well-characterized disorder with a proposed neurobiological ba-sis which may or may not have variations depending on cultural diversity. The question that was asked in this review is whether or not there are cultural differences in the manifestations of the OCD symptomatology and which factors of cultural diversity have a major influence on such manifestations along with the differences among some cultures regarding OCD is-sues, where the difference among countries has also been highlighted.Methods: A review of the literature was conducted that includes the following words: obsessive-compulsive disorder, cul-ture, cultural identity and religion in a period of 10 years.Conclusion: Cultural variations do not seem to differ from symptomatic clusters of OCD, which may be indicating that a se-ries of adaptive behaviors is evolutionarily evolving to be constantly altered, perhaps by well-determined pathophysiological mechanisms. Some aspects that have been related to some dimensions of OCD symptomatology are religion and religiosity, affecting the content of obsessions and the severity of manifestations. Properly evaluating the education background, access to health services, food, and the genetic structure of populations, using investigational instruments sensitive to these cultural elements, will increase our understanding of the importance of culture on OCD and its treatment.

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Systematic review of environmental risk factors for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A proposed roadmap from association to causation

Cited by 121 publications

References 138 publications

Register-based study of the incidence, comorbidities and demographics of obsessive-compulsive disorder in specialist healthcare

Register-based study of the incidence, comorbidities and demographics of obsessive-compulsive disorder in specialist healthcare

Obsessive-compulsive symptom profiles in individuals exposed to interpersonal versus noninterpersonal trauma

Influence of Culture in Obsessive-compulsive Disorder and Its Treatment

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