Systematic review of cystic duct closure techniques in relation to prevention of bile duct leakage after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Abstract

AIMTo study the effect of different techniques of cystic duct closure on bile leakage after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) for biliary disease.METHODSA systematic search of MEDLINE, Cochrane and EMBASE was performed. Rate of cystic duct leakage (CDL) was the primary outcome. Risk of bias was evaluated. Odds ratios were analyzed for comparison of techniques and pooled event rates for non-comparative analyses. Pooled event rates were compared for each of included techniques.RESULTSOut of 1491 articles, 38 studies were included. A total of 47491 patients were included, of which 38683 (81.5%) underwent cystic duct closure with non-locking (metal) clips. All studies were of low-moderate methodological quality. Only two studies reported separate data on uncomplicated and complicated gallbladder disease. For overall CDL, an odds ratio of 0.4 (95%CI: 0.06-2.48) was found for harmonic energy vs clip closure and an odds ratio of 0.17 (95%CI: 0.03-0.93) for locking vs non-locking clips. Pooled CDL rate was around 1% for harmonic energy and metal clips, and 0% for locking clips and ligatures.CONCLUSIONBased on available evidence it is not possible to either recommend or discourage any of the techniques for cystic duct closure during LC with respects to CDL, although data point out a slight preference for locking clips and ligatures vs other techniques. No separate recommendation can be made for complicated gallbladder disease.

Evaluation of 30-day morbidity and mortality of laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a multicenter prospective observational Indian Association of Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (IAGES) Study

“…These findings are probably due to selection bias as surgeons might have used these methods to control cystic duct and artery in more difficult cases. In a recently published review, the authors did not find any significant difference in outcomes between the different methods used to control the cystic duct [16]. There is probably hence a need for randomised studies to understand this better.…”

ClipAssistNet: bringing real-time safety feedback to operating rooms

“…The clipping phase can in fact be considered as a proxy for rating surgical skills [20]. The existence of complications related to the procedure itself (0.5-3% of patients present cystic duct leakage following LC, up to 7% for patients with complicated gallstone disease [11]) shows the need for new approaches to surgical safety.…”