Systematic review of causes and factors associated with morbidity and mortality on smallholder dairy farms in Eastern and Southern Africa

Phiri, Bernard J.; Benschop, Jackie; French, Nigel P.

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.01.012

Cited by 30 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Farmers tend to apply tick control measures depending on occurrence, perceived incidence, and severity of the clinical disease experiences and economic impacts of the disease at the farm level (Swai et al 2009;Mugabi et al 2010;Phiri et al 2010). Additionally, presence of the tick vector on the farm was a strong predictor of T. parva seroprevalence in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Environment and farm factors associated with exposure to Theileria parva infection in cattle under traditional mixed farming system in Mbeere District, Kenya

Gachohi

Kitala

Ngumi

et al. 2010

Trop Anim Health Prod

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The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between seroprevalence to Theileria parva infection in cattle and potential environmental and farm-level effects in 80 farms under traditional crop-livestock system in Mbeere District, Kenya. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect the effects characteristics as related to T. parva infection epidemiology. Serum samples were collected from 440 cattle of all ages for detection of T. parva antibodies by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. The association between the variables was assessed using a generalized estimation equation logistic regression model. The overall T. parva seroprevalence, accounting for correlation of responses, was 19.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 14%, 25%). Two variables, "administrative division" and "presence of the vector tick on the farm", were significantly associated with the T. parva seroresponse. Respectively, cattle from farms in Gachoka, Evurore, and Mwea divisions were (and their 95% CI) 1.3 (0.36, 4.8), 4.4 (1.2, 15.9), and 15.2 (4.9, 47.1) times more likely to be seropositive relative to those from Siakago Division (P = 0.000). Cattle from farms in which the vector tick was present were 2.9 (1.2, 6.7) times more likely to be seropositive (P = 0.011). Results of this study suggested that both environmental and farm factors may be associated with T. parva infection epidemiology in Mbeere District. Under such circumstances, characterization of environmental suitability for the vector tick and corresponding environment-specific farm management practices in the district is required both for improved understanding of the disease and in planning disease control programs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Environment and farm factors associated with exposure to Theileria parva infection in cattle under traditional mixed farming system in Mbeere District, Kenya

Gachohi

Kitala

Ngumi

et al. 2010

Trop Anim Health Prod

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“…A negative association between zero-grazing and TBDs (babesiosis and theileriosis) has also been recorded [64]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of ticks infesting ruminants and risk factors associated with high tick prevalence in livestock farms in the semi-arid and arid agro-ecological zones of Pakistan

et al. 2017

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BackgroundTick infestation is the major problem for animal health that causes substantial economic losses, particularly in tropical and subtropical countries. To better understand the spatial distribution of tick species and risk factors associated with tick prevalence in livestock in Pakistan, ticks were counted and collected from 471 animals, including 179 cattle, 194 buffaloes, 80 goats and 18 sheep, on 108 livestock farms in nine districts, covering both semi-arid and arid agro-ecological zones.ResultsIn total, 3,807 ticks representing four species were collected: Hyalomma anatolicum (n = 3,021), Rhipicephalus microplus (n = 715), Hyalomma dromedarii (n = 41) and Rhipicephalus turanicus (n = 30). The latter species is reported for the first time from the study area. Rhipicephalus microplus was the predominant species in the semi-arid zone, whereas H. anatolicum was the most abundant species in the arid zone. The overall proportion of tick-infested ruminants was 78.3% (369/471). It was highest in cattle (89.9%), followed by buffaloes (81.4%), goats (60.0%) and sheep (11.1%). The median tick burden significantly differed among animal species and was highest in cattle (median 58), followed by buffaloes (median 38), goats (median 19) and sheep (median 4.5). Female animals had significantly higher tick burdens than males and, in large ruminants, older animals carried more ticks than younger animals. The intensity of infestation was significantly lower in indigenous animals compared to exotic and crossbred cows. Analysis of questionnaire data revealed that the absence of rural poultry, not using any acaricides, traditional rural housing systems and grazing were potential risk factors associated with a higher tick prevalence in livestock farms.ConclusionAbsence of rural poultry, not performing acaricide treatments, traditional rural housing systems and grazing were important risk factors associated with higher tick prevalence in livestock farms. Age, gender, breed and animal species significantly affected the intensity of tick infestation. This report also describes the presence of R. turanicus in the Punjab Province of Pakistan for the first time. The outcomes of this study will be useful in the planning of integrated control strategies for ticks and tick-borne diseases in Pakistan.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2138-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…The main reasons for poor productivity of the smallholder dairy farms are risks associated with inadequate feed and water, lack of skills, problems with marketing, and poor animal health services (Kivaria, Noordhuizen, and Kapaga 2006). Cause of animal mortality and morbidity in smallholder dairy farms in ESA region were identified as tick-borne diseases (TBDs), tick infestation, mastitis, trypanosomiasis, and diarrhea (Phiri, Benschop, and French 2010). Smallholder dairy farm production is mainly constrained by TBDs which is spread in 11 countries in the Eastern, Central and Southern regions of Africa (Kivaria 2006;Okuthe and Buyu 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk perception and management in smallholder dairy farming in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia

Gebre-Egziabher

Woeldesenbet

2013

Journal of Risk Research

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Empirical studies on smallholder dairy farmers' risk perceptions and management strategies have still received little attention in agricultural research of developing countries. This study focuses on farmers' risk perception and management strategies of smallholder dairy farms in urban and peri-urban areas of Tigray in northern Ethiopia. Based on data collected from a sample of 304 smallholder dairy farm households, we used descriptive statistics for analyzing farmers' risk attitude and factor analysis for analyzing and classifying risk sources and management strategies. The majority of dairy farmers considered themselves risk takers towards farm decision that may have a positive impact on technology adoption. Factor analysis identified technological, price/market, production, financial, human, and institutional factor as major sources of risks. In addition, factor analysis indicates that disease reduction, diversification, financial management, and market network are perceived as the most effective risk management strategies. Our findings indicate that perceptions of risk and management strategies are farmer-specific; therefore, policy-makers need to consider tailor-made strategies that would address farmers' individual motives to manage risks and shocks.

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Systematic review of causes and factors associated with morbidity and mortality on smallholder dairy farms in Eastern and Southern Africa

Cited by 30 publications

References 31 publications

Environment and farm factors associated with exposure to Theileria parva infection in cattle under traditional mixed farming system in Mbeere District, Kenya

Environment and farm factors associated with exposure to Theileria parva infection in cattle under traditional mixed farming system in Mbeere District, Kenya

Distribution of ticks infesting ruminants and risk factors associated with high tick prevalence in livestock farms in the semi-arid and arid agro-ecological zones of Pakistan

Risk perception and management in smallholder dairy farming in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia

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