Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinically Relevant Executive Functions Tests Performance after COVID-19

Velichkovsky, Boris B.; Razvaliaeva, A.Yu.; Khlebnikova, Alena A.; Manukyan, Piruza; Kasatkin, Vladimir; Barmin, Artem V.

doi:10.1155/2023/1094267

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…We did not find an association between the severity of the disease and a worse neurocognitive performance. Other studies have also indicated no link between the disease’s severity and neuropsychological performance [ 10 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ]. No neuropsychological differences were observed between the four groups considering severity, indicating that an association between disease severity and neurocognitive performance cannot be established.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In long COVID-19 studies, the neurocognitive deficit termed ‘brain fog’ was the most common, affecting at least one-third of patients [ 33 , 34 ] from moderate (58.7%) to severe impairment (18.4%) [ 35 ], surpassing the prevalence rates seen in other viral infections [ 29 ]. The most prevalent neuropsychological deficits included attention, memory, dysnomia, executive function, and speed processing [ 4 , 34 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ]. While impacting about 86% of patients’ ability to work [ 34 ], these deficits are independent of initial disease severity [ 36 , 37 , 42 ] and are more related to mental health status [ 36 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neurocognitive and Neuropsychiatric Sequelae in Long COVID-19 Infection

Almeria,

Cejudo,

Deus

et al. 2024

Brain Sciences

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Objective: To characterize the cognitive profile of long COVID-19 subjects and its possible association with clinical symptoms, emotional disturbance, biomarkers, and disease severity. Methods: We performed a single-center cross-sectional cohort study. Subjects between 20 and 60 years old with confirmed COVID-19 infection were included. The assessment was performed 6 months following hospital or ambulatory discharge. Excluded were those with prior neurocognitive impairment and severe neurological/neuropsychiatric disorders. Demographic and laboratory data were extracted from medical records. Results: Altogether, 108 participants were included, 64 were male (59.25%), and the mean age was 49.10 years. The patients were classified into four groups: non-hospitalized (NH, n = 10), hospitalized without Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or oxygen therapy (HOSPI, n = 21), hospitalized without ICU but with oxygen therapy (OXY, n = 56), and ICU (ICU, n = 21) patients. In total, 38 (35.18%) reported Subjective Cognitive Complaints (SCC). No differences were found considering illness severity between groups. Females had more persistent clinical symptoms and SCC than males. Persistent dyspnea and headache were associated with higher scores in anxiety and depression. Persistent fatigue, anxiety, and depression were associated with worse overall cognition. Conclusions: No cognitive impairment was found regarding the severity of post-COVID-19 infection. SCC was not associated with a worse cognitive performance, but with higher anxiety and depression. Persistent clinical symptoms were frequent independent of illness severity. Fatigue, anxiety, and depression were linked to poorer cognitive function. Tests for attention, processing speed, and executive function were the most sensitive in detecting cognitive changes in these patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurocognitive and Neuropsychiatric Sequelae in Long COVID-19 Infection

Almeria,

Cejudo,

Deus

et al. 2024

Brain Sciences

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“…However, the results appear to suggest some form of cognitive deficits associated with COVID-19 in the acute and shortterm follow-up phase, revealing that people with COVID-19 had poorer general cognitive functioning (measured with RUDAS-P) compared to people without COVID-19 between assessment in the acute phase and 6 months after infection (Crivelli et al, 2022). In this sense, objective measures show that executive functions (such as inhibition, updating, and set-shifting) also get impaired, and effects range from small to large, and generally, decreases in performance are related to advanced age and illness severity (Velichkovsky et al, 2023).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of COVID-19 post-infection on the cognition of adults from Peru

Zegarra-Valdivia,

Arana-Nombera,

Perez-Fernandez

et al. 2024

Front. Psychol.

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IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic, with over 83 million confirmed cases and 1.8 million deaths, has raised concerns about long-term cognitive issues, especially in populations facing disparities. Despite a few years since Peru’s first COVID-19 wave, the cognitive effects on adults remain unclear. This study is the first in Peru to explore COVID-19’s impact on general cognition and executive function.MethodsA retrospective cross-sectional study compared individuals with COVID-19 history to controls, assessing general cognition, verbal fluency, attention, and executive function. Among 240 assessed, 154 met the study inclusion criteria, with about 60% female and an average age of 38.89 ± 16.001 years. Groups included controls (n = 42), acute phase (AP, n = 74) (1–14 days of symptoms), and hyperinflammatory phase (HP, n = 38) (>14 days of symptoms).ResultsSignificant cognitive differences were observed. The HP group exhibited lower general cognitive performance (p = 0.02), working memory (p = 0.01), and executive function (planning; p < 0.001; flexibility; p = 0.03) than controls. Those with <14 days of illness (AP vs. HP) had deficits in general cognitive performance (p = 0.02), working memory (p = 0.02), and planning (p < 0.001), mainly during the hyperinflammatory phase, showing differences in working memory (p = 0.003) and planning (p = 0.01). Gender differences emerged, with males in the HP phase having poorer working memory (p = 0.003) and planning (p = 0.01).DiscussionThis study underscores COVID-19’s negative impact on cognitive function, even in mild cases, with potential heightened effects in men during acute or hyperinflammatory phases. The findings provide Peru’s first evidence, highlighting the vulnerability of populations facing socioeconomic disparities.

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“…This cognitive dysfunction (sometimes referred to as brain fog) occurring in long COVID patients has been attracting more attention 6 . By now we know that COVID is associated with cognitive dysfunction with most impact on attention, memory and executive functioning 7,8 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term cognitive dysfunction after COVID ARDS

Vanginderhuysen,

Janssen,

Vingerhoets

et al. 2024

Acta Anaest Belg

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Background: COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (C-ARDS) survivors suffer from long-term physical complications. However, at the time of this study limited data are available on possible long-term cognitive impairment. Objectives: We hypothesized that COVID-19 ICU patients perform worse on cognitive tasks 6 months after admission, in comparison to reference values of a healthy population. Design: Two-center cohort study with a six months’ time horizon. Patients: Patients admitted to the ICU for COVID-19 associated respiratory failure between March and June 2020. Setting: Post-ICU follow up. Methods and main outcome measures: The primary measure was the Repeatable Battery for Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) score (with lower values indicating worse global cognition). The secondary outcome measure was the Trail Making Test (TMT) Part B (population age-, sex-, and education-adjusted mean score, 50±10, with lower scores indicating worse executive functions). The Short Form of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE, on a scale from 1.0 to 5.0, with 5.0 indicating severe cognitive impairment) was taken for not patients not fluent in Dutch. Results: 117 COVID-19 patients were admitted to the ICU, of whom 32 patients (27%) died within 6 months. 67/85 (79%) patients participated in the cohort study. COVID-19 survivors had lower total RBANS cognition scores than the age-adjusted population norms (n=45). Fifteen (33%) patients had a global cognition score 1.5 SD below the population means. RBANS-subscale performance showed that both memory (immediate and delayed recall) and attention were at minus 1 SD below normative means, while language and visuospatial cognition were unaffected. Median TMT B score was 40 (IQR 10-65) (n=45). There were elevated scores of the short form IQCODE (mean 3.4 (SD 0.4). Conclusions: Our results suggests that COVID-19 ARDS negatively affects long-term cognitive function. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04593069.

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Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinically Relevant Executive Functions Tests Performance after COVID-19

Cited by 10 publications

References 53 publications

Neurocognitive and Neuropsychiatric Sequelae in Long COVID-19 Infection

Neurocognitive and Neuropsychiatric Sequelae in Long COVID-19 Infection

The impact of COVID-19 post-infection on the cognition of adults from Peru

Long-term cognitive dysfunction after COVID ARDS

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