Systematic review and meta-analysis of refractometry for diagnosis of inadequate transfer of passive immunity in dairy calves: Quantifying how accuracy varies with threshold using a Bayesian approach

Buczinski, Sébastien; Lu, Yajie; Chigerwe, Munashe; Fecteau, Gilles; Dendukuri, Nandini

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105306

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Brix refractometers can also be used to determine the quality of colostrum. 18 While a large number of comparative studies are available on the utility and performance of refractometers in diagnosing ITPI in dairy calves, [19][20][21][22] there are very few studies proposing Brix and STP cut-off values for determining ITPI or different passive immunity levels in beef calves. [23][24][25][26] The digital or optical STP refractometer can be used to determine total protein levels in the peripheral blood of calves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic accuracy of refractometry methods for estimating passive immunity status in neonatal beef calves

Akköse

Buczinski

Özbeyaz

et al. 2022

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

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Background Assessing the inadequate transfer of passive immunity (ITPI) in beef calves is crucial because calves with ITPI are at high risk for morbidity and mortality. Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of digital Brix (D‐BRIX) and digital serum total protein (D‐STP) refractometers to estimate different passive immunity status in beef calves and to determine the robustness of thresholds. Methods Blood samples were collected from 202 (1‐7 days old) beef calves. Serum total solid percentages, total protein concentrations, and IgG concentrations were measured with the D‐BRIX refractometer, D‐STP refractometer, and gold standard radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay, respectively. Data were analyzed using diagnostic test accuracy, areas under the receiver operating characteristics curve, Cohen's kappa coefficient, and misclassification costs analysis to estimate IgG concentrations <10, <16, and <24 mg/mL. Results For the prediction of serum IgG concentrations <10, <16 and <24 mg/mL, the optimal cut‐off values were determined to be <8.5% (Se: 100.0% (95% CI: 87.9‐100.0); Sp: 94.2% [95% CI: 89.6‐97.2]), <8.5% (Se: 92.1% [95% CI: 78.6‐98.2]; Sp: 97.6% [95% CI: 93.9‐99.3]), and <10.1% (Se: 88.8% [95% CI: 79.7‐94.7]; Sp: 67.2% [95% CI: 58.1‐75.4]), respectively, for the D‐BRIX refractometer; and <5.2 g/dL (Se: 100.0% [95% CI: 87.9‐100.0]; Sp: 93.6% [95% CI: 88.9‐96.8]), <5.2 g/dL (Se: 92.1% [95% CI: 78.6‐98.2]; Sp: 97.0% [95% CI: 93.0‐99.0]), and <6.4 g/dL (Se: 87.5% [95% CI: 78.2‐93.8]; Sp: 69.7% [95% CI: 60.7‐77.7]), respectively, for the D‐STP refractometer. Conclusions The digital Brix and digital serum total protein refractometers can be used as monitoring tools for assessing passive immunity transfer in neonatal beef calves.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic accuracy of refractometry methods for estimating passive immunity status in neonatal beef calves

Akköse

Buczinski

Özbeyaz

et al. 2022

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

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“…Other studies report Brix refractometry to be among the most consistent of methods available for measurement of colostral IgG [ 48 , 49 , 52 ]. Our data indicated that a Brix reading of 22.2% was equivalent to a colostral IgG concentration of 50 g/L measured by TIA, a value which is very similar to that reported for other studies [ 48 , 49 , 52 ]. By contrast, despite the apparent correlation, the colostrometer cutoff of 86.8 g/L did not closely match the TIA measurement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of formic acid treatment on colostrum quality, and on absorption and function of immunoglobulins: a randomized controlled trial in Holstein dairy calves

2022

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Background Good quality colostrum is characterized by high immunoglobulin concentration and low pathogen load. Some methods of pathogen reduction can decrease immunoglobulin concentration and potentially affect their function. Objectives were to determine the effect of formic acid treatment on colostral bacterial and immunoglobulin (IgG) levels before feeding, and serum immunoglobulin concentration and neutralizing capabilities after feeding. Fifteen female Holstein calf pairs born < 12 h apart from different dams were randomly assigned to receive four liters of either untreated pooled (both dams) colostrum (MC) or colostrum acidified to pH 4.0–4.5 (AC). Colostrum characteristics estimated; pH, bacterial load, IgG concentration, and neutralization of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBRV/BoHV-1), Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVDV) Types 1 and 2. Blood samples were collected on days 1, 3 and monthly for 6 months and were analyzed for IgG, and both viral plus leptospiral neutralization, and total protein (day 3 only). Results Compared to MC (mean 6.7, SD 0.4; median 6.8, range 6.0–7.3), AC pH was significantly reduced (mean 4.3, SD 0.2; median 4.3, range 4.0–4.5; P < 0.001). Total coliform count (cfu/mL) was also reduced (MC mean 149, SD 444; median 1, range 0–1,700; AC mean 8, SD 31; median 0, range 0–120; P = 0.02). Colostrum IgG concentration was not significantly different between MC (mean 93.3, SD 39.7; median 92.8, range 36.7–164.4 g/L) and AC (mean 101.9, SD 36.7; median 108.3, range 33.8–164.4 g/L; P = 0.54). In calves, serum IgG peaked on day 3 (MC mean 26.1, SD 34.9; median 169.2, range 8.3–151.0 g/L; AC mean 30.2, SD 48.7; median 188.8, range 3.1–204.4 g/L; P = 0.77), and apparent efficiency of IgG absorption was not different between groups (MC mean 24.3, SD 11.4, median 25.3, range 8.6–51.3%; AC mean 22.6, SD 21.7, median 21.6, range 4.1–58.9%; P = 0.65). Thereafter, IgG levels declined but did not differ between groups. MC and AC serum neutralizing titers for IBRV, BVDV Types 1 and 2, or Leptospira interrogans serovars Canicola, and Pomona and L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo were not different. Conclusions Colostrum acidification significantly decreased bacterial load fed to newborn calves without affecting colostral IgG concentration or virus neutralization. In addition, acid treatment did not affect serum IgG concentration in calves or its activity against common pathogens.

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“…Serum refractive index was quantified using a digital Brix refractometer (PA203, MISCO). Inadequate TPI was defined as a serum Brix score <8.4%, which minimized misclassification errors when compared with a serum IgG <10 g/L, defined as a gold standard test (Buczinski et al, 2021). Colostrum samples were collected and frozen by participating farmers during the same period.…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of ATP luminometry to assess the cleanliness of equipment used to collect and feed colostrum on dairy farms

Buczinski

Morin

Roy

et al. 2022

Journal of Dairy Science

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The objective of this observational cross-sectional study was to describe the cleanliness of various equipment used for colostrum harvest and calf feeding procedures on dairy farms in Québec, Canada. The study was performed on 42 commercial dairy herds also enrolled in another study aiming to determine the transfer of passive immunity over a 14-mo period. Information on colostrum quality (using Brix value) and cleanliness (total aerobic and total coliform count) were recorded as well as various practices focused on colostrum-feeding equipment and preweaning period using a standard questionnaire. During the study period, colostrum and milk-feeding equipment cleanliness was assessed using direct surface swabbing with Hygiena Ultrasnap swabs. A total of 155 swab samples were obtained from 6 pieces of equipment. Adenosine triphosphate collected from the swabbed surface reacts with the luciferase solution present in the swab by bioluminescence, which is proportional to the quantity of ATP present and quantified as relative light units (RLU). The description of feed equipment cleanliness (defined as the maximal RLU found for a specific herd, dichotomized as <1,000 RLU vs. ≥1,000 RLU) was compared with the herds' descriptive characteristics, focusing on the first 2 components of a multiple correspondence analysis. The median (range) RLU for buckets used for colostrum harvest, bucket or bottle used for feeding, tube feeders, milking colostrum line, and internal surface of the nipples were 41 RLU (3-1,625 RLU), 78 RLU (<1-3,765 RLU), 29 RLU (<1-2,177 RLU), 83 RLU (<1-9,968 RLU), and 1,101 RLU (2-9,546 RLU), respectively. The first 2 components of multiple correspondence analysis explained 24.7% of data variances and were related to the farms' hygiene and health (13.0%) and feeding practices (11.7% of data variance). The maxi-mal dichotomized luminometry value (<1,000 RLU or ≥1,000 RLU) was associated with hygiene and health dimension. This study gave promising results concerning the potential application of ATP luminometry for calf rearing practices assessment.

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Systematic review and meta-analysis of refractometry for diagnosis of inadequate transfer of passive immunity in dairy calves: Quantifying how accuracy varies with threshold using a Bayesian approach

Cited by 11 publications

References 25 publications

Diagnostic accuracy of refractometry methods for estimating passive immunity status in neonatal beef calves

Diagnostic accuracy of refractometry methods for estimating passive immunity status in neonatal beef calves

Effect of formic acid treatment on colostrum quality, and on absorption and function of immunoglobulins: a randomized controlled trial in Holstein dairy calves

Use of ATP luminometry to assess the cleanliness of equipment used to collect and feed colostrum on dairy farms

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