Systematic review and meta-analyses of cases and deaths associated with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in humans and poultry.

Abstract

From 2003 to date (2015), confirmed highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and humans have been reported, however, certain quantitative parameters remain lacking. We obtained 846 reports of HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry in Africa (2006Africa ( -2015, and 844 reports in humans globally (2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015) from different databases. Data were filtered and analysed using meta-analyses. The outputs were generated for each country included in the study and for overall morbidities, mortalities and case fatalities (for poultry and humans). Approximately 11.6 million poultry were included in the analyses as susceptible with 1.9 million cases and 1.7 million deaths in poultry. In humans, 449 deaths were linked to influenza A H5N1 infections. For all poultry outbreaks in 2006-2015 in Africa, an overall mean apparent morbidity of 48.7% (n = 1 850 589) was estimated, with overall mean apparent mortality being 40.2% (n = 1 705 388) and overall mean case fatality rate (CFR) for HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry being 86.4% (n = 1 705 388). In humans, the overall mean CFR for A H5N1 globally for 2003-2015 was 62.3% (n = 449). Indonesia, Egypt and Vietnam had higher proportions of all human deaths associated with the A H5N1 and Egypt had a significant age-sex bias. Improved reporting and effective quantitation remain key to understanding the characteristics of the virus.

Effects of avian flu on the consumption of chicken and egg among University of Ilorin staff, Ilorin, Nigeria

“…This observation confirmed the report that there was a period of quiescence of HPAI H5N1 outbreak in Africa from 2009 through to 2013, Egypt has been declared as a country endemic to HPAI H5N1, due to the number of confirmed human cases and recorded deaths emanating from these outbreaks (OIE, 2014).The observation in this study also supports, the report that In West Africa, outbreaks and reinfections were however confirmed in Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Niger, Nigeria, and Burkina Faso. (Fasanmi et al, 2016).…”

Public health concerns of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 endemicity in Africa

“…The case fatality rate (CFR) in humans due to HPAI H5N1 infection in Egypt is high when compared with other countries. It is worrisome to observe that since the first outbreak in Egypt in 2006, the cases, death and CFR continue to increase unabated [6,92]. This calls for lasting public health strategies to combat the scourge.…”

“…The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has been described as a highly contagious viral disease in several avian species. The disease is characterized by high morbidity and mortality and could be potentially contracted by humans and other warmblooded animals thus making it an emerging pandemic of zoonotic importance [1][2][3][4][5][6]. This is caused by the pathogenic subtypes H5 and H7 but with the circulating H5N1and H7N9 is causing major problems across the globe [7][8][9].…”