Systematic monitoring of glanders-infected horses by complement fixation test, bacterial isolation, and PCR

Abstract

Highligths A modified PCR protocol improved the diagnostic sensibility for glanders. Horses with chronic glanders disease may show false negative serology results. The cold CFT is recommended in Brazilian equine health program. Burkholderia mallei isolation and detection were performed in São Paulo state, Brazil.

Current and Future Advances in the Detection and Surveillance of Biosecurity-Relevant Equine Bacterial Diseases Using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP)

“…Yet, for both species, there is no available vaccine or approved treatment regimen, as antibiotics are inefficacious due to resistance [ 124 , 125 ]. Owing to the severity of the disease and zoonotic potential, governments have implemented a test and slaughter policy for infected horses, including the U.S., where treatment is prohibited [ 17 , 131 ]. Control of outbreaks within equine facilities is difficult and often unsuccessful, relying on basic measures of surveillance, quarantine, and extensive cleaning following euthanasia of positive cases [ 17 , 124 ].…”

Mormo, uma zoonose reemergente: aspectos gerais e principais ferramentas de diagnóstico / Glanders, a re-emerging zoonosis: general aspects and main diagnostic tools

“…O diagnóstico do mormo pode ser estabelecido pela epidemiologia clínica, microscopia, exames complementares como teste de mallein, isolamento bacteriológico, identificação sorológica e identificação molecular. Essa variedade de testes e a heterogeneidade de protocolos têm gerado confusão e desconfiança nos resultados laboratoriais, colocando em risco a disseminação da doença (ABREU et al, 2020). Sistemas de detecção rápidos, sensíveis e específicos são necessários para o diagnóstico precoce e preciso do mormo, para o manejo médico adequado da doença em humanos e para a contenção da infecção em animais (SAXENA et al, 2019).…”

“…A detecção de B. mallei por métodos moleculares é recomendada para manifestações agudas e crônicas, devido à rápida identificação do agente e ao diagnóstico diferencial de infecções causadas por B. pseudomallei. Nesse contexto, a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) pode ser uma ferramenta importante para a detecção de B. mallei, pois apresenta alta sensibilidade e não depende da viabilidade do agente para sua identificação (ABREU et al, 2020;MERWYN et al, 2010).…”

Validation of a Commercial Glanders ELISA as an Alternative to the CFT in International Trade of Equidae

“…CFT also has the technical disadvantages like it is labor-intensive and difficult to standardize because there are no international standard sera available. The test antigens and the testing protocols used in the laboratories differ, which can have significant influence on the results ( 15 – 18 ). Thus, attempts have been made to develop alternative tests with comparable sensitivity and higher specificity for years.…”

“…Thus, attempts have been made to develop alternative tests with comparable sensitivity and higher specificity for years. Methods such as Western blot (WB) and various ELISAs have already been developed and some were already validated according to the principles of validation of diagnostic assays for infectious diseases ( 14 , 18 – 20 ). For example, a Western blot procedure showed a significantly higher diagnostic specificity when compared to CFT and currently is used in Germany as a confirmatory test for glanders ( 13 , 14 , 21 ).…”