Systematic isolation of transducing phages for myxococcus xanthus

Martin, Sandra L.; Sodergren, Erica; Masuda, Terrie; Kaiser, Dale

doi:10.1016/0042-6822(78)90108-3

Cited by 92 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In contrast to patterns revealing endemic variation, the occurrence of some alleles that are shared by clones from multiple fruiting bodies isolated from different locations is consistent with some degree of recombination across groups and populations, possibly mediated by phage transduction (54). Such patterns are not unexpected in light of previous evidence for horizontal gene transfer in Myxococcus populations (7,8,55).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 43%

Endemic social diversity within natural kin groups of a cooperative bacterium

Kraemer

Velicer

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

114

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The spatial structure of genetic diversity underlying social variation is a critical determinant of how cooperation and conflict evolve. Here we investigated whether natural social groups of the cooperative soil bacterium Myxococcus xanthus harbor internal genetic and phenotypic variation and thus the potential for social conflict between interacting cells. Ten M. xanthus fruiting bodies isolated from soil were surveyed for variation in multiple social phenotypes and genetic loci, and patterns of diversity within and across fruiting body groups were examined. Eight of the 10 fruiting bodies were found to be internally diverse, with four exhibiting significant variation in social swarming phenotypes and five harboring large variation in the number of spores produced by member clones in pure culture. However, genetic variation within fruiting bodies was much lower than across fruiting bodies, suggesting that migration across even spatially proximate groups is limited relative to mutational generation of persisting endemic diversity. Our results simultaneously highlight the potential for social conflict within Myxococcus social groups and the possibility of social coevolution among diverse related lineages that are clustered in space and cotransmitted across generations.bacterial population structure | micro-scale variation

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 43%

Endemic social diversity within natural kin groups of a cooperative bacterium

Kraemer

Velicer

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

114

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“…Myxophages Mx4 (3) and Mx8 (25) were used to transduce Tn5-132lacZ promoter fusions and other mutant alleles into the act1 strains to create double mutants for epistatic analysis. The structure of all chromosomal insertions was confirmed by Southern blot hybridization.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A ς ⁵⁴ Activator Protein Necessary for Spore Differentiation within the Fruiting Body of Myxococcus xanthus

2000

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Insertion of an internal DNA fragment into the act1 gene, which encodes one of several 54 -activator proteins in Myxococcus xanthus, produced a mutant defective in fruiting body development. While fruiting-body aggregation appears normal in the mutant, it fails to sporulate (<10 ؊6 the wild-type number of viable spores). The A and C intercellular signals, which are required for sporulation, are produced by the mutant. But, while it produces A-factor at levels as high as that of the wild type, the mutant produces much less C-signal than normal, as measured either by C-factor bioassay or by the total amount of C-factor protein detected with specific antibody. Expression of three C-factor-dependent reporters is altered in the mutant: the level of expression of ⍀4414 is about 15% of normal, and ⍀4459 and ⍀4403 have alterations in their time course. Finally, the methylation of FrzCD protein is below normal in the mutant. It is proposed that Act1 protein responds to C-signal reception by increasing the expression of the csgA gene. This C-signal-dependent increase constitutes a positive feedback in the wild type. The act1 mutant, unable to raise the level of csgA expression, carries out only those developmental steps for which a low level of C-signaling is adequate.

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“…The third screen was performed in submerged cultures by adding 25 ml of an exponential-phase cell culture, diluted to 3 to 6 Klett units (KU), to 8.5-cm-diameter petri dishes. Myxophage Mx8 (19) transductions were performed as described previously (11).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of autocide AMI in development of Myxococcus xanthus

Rosenbluh

Rosenberg

1990

J Bacteriol

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A new developmental mutant of Myxococcus xanthus has been isolated by screening TnV insertion mutants for AMI-dependent development in submerged culture. This mutant (ER304) aggregated and sporulated on agar surfaces but required at least 3.8 ,ug of autocide AMI per ml for development in submerged cultures. Spore rescue of ER304 was obtained with the saturated, monounsaturated, and diunsaturated fatty acid fractions of AMI, with specific activities of 68, 115, and 700 U/mg, respectively. In addition, several model fatty acids were capable of rescuing sporulation of ER304; however, there was no correlation between specific lytic activity observed in vegetative cultures and specific rescue activity. Rescue of ER304 was effected during the first ca. 12 h after the initiation of starvation conditions; after this time, addition of AMI or model fatty acids killed the cells. Supernatant fluids of ER304 rescued development in dsg mutants (e.g., DK3260) in submerged cultures, but dsg mutant supernatant fluids were incapable of rescuing ER304 development. The data presented in this article support the idea that the primary mechanism of rescue by AMI is not via lysis, although developmental lysis may be an indirect result of the rescue event. A membrane permeability model is presented to explain the role of autocides in early developmental events in wild-type strains and in the aggregation and sporulation rescue of developmental mutants ER304 and DK3260.Myxococcus xanthus, the most extensively studied member of the Myxobacterales, is a gram-negative, gliding bacterium, characterized by a complex, multicellular development program (33). Development of M. xanthus, which culminates in the building of spore-filled fruiting bodies, is contingent upon the fulfillment of several conditions: (i) a minimal cell density, (ii) a solid substratum to support the aggregating cells, and (iii) nutritional downshift of exponentially growing cells (25). Successful completion of the developmental process depends upon the proper functioning of many genes. Some of these genes are directly involved in the intercellular signaling necessary for coordinating specific multicellular activities (16); others affect development by controlling the motility (11, 12) or cohesiveness (27) of the cells.Autocides are substances produced by vegetative M. xanthus cells which are capable of inducing lysis in the producing and related strains (29). The two major autocides, referred to as AMI and AMV, have been isolated and chemically characterized (6, 30). Autocide AMV is phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), the major component of the inner and outer cell membranes of M. xanthus. Autocide AMI, a mixture of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, appears to be an enzymatic breakdown product of AMV and its active lytic moiety. In addition to its autolytic activity, autocide AMI has recently been shown to be capable of accelerating aggregation and sporulation in the wild-type strain and of rescuing aggregation and sporulation in dsg development mutan...

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Systematic isolation of transducing phages for myxococcus xanthus

Cited by 92 publications

References 24 publications

Endemic social diversity within natural kin groups of a cooperative bacterium

Endemic social diversity within natural kin groups of a cooperative bacterium

A ς ⁵⁴ Activator Protein Necessary for Spore Differentiation within the Fruiting Body of Myxococcus xanthus

Role of autocide AMI in development of Myxococcus xanthus

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Systematic isolation of transducing phages for myxococcus xanthus

Cited by 92 publications

References 24 publications

Endemic social diversity within natural kin groups of a cooperative bacterium

Endemic social diversity within natural kin groups of a cooperative bacterium

A ς 54 Activator Protein Necessary for Spore Differentiation within the Fruiting Body of Myxococcus xanthus

Role of autocide AMI in development of Myxococcus xanthus

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A ς ⁵⁴ Activator Protein Necessary for Spore Differentiation within the Fruiting Body of Myxococcus xanthus