“…AI has reached advanced levels beyond theoretical investigations. It has been employed in myriad applications, particularly in the health sector, medicinal sciences and pharmacology, including: using virtual in silico screening for ligand-receptor complementarity and bioactivity [85]; developing new drug molecules or new molecules with potential biological activity [6,[85][86][87]; investigating new biomarkers [88]; improving chemical syntheses [89]; associating certain diseases with specific genes/receptors; multidimensional analyses for structure-activity relationships and druggability [89,90]; connecting gene expressions with clinical trial results [91]; and understanding the mechanisms of many biochemical phenomena, all of which are significant enough to involve companies such as Google and IBM in this business. Other companies that have implemented AI in drug design include Atomwise, Recursion, BenevolentAI, In-silico Medicine, Exscientia, twoXAR, Data2Discovery, Insitro and Collaborations Pharmaceuticals.…”