Titanium
dioxide (TiO2) is a unique material for biosensing
applications due to its capability of hosting enzymes. For the first
time, we show that TiO2 can accumulate reactive oxygen
species (ROS) under daylight irradiation and can support the catalytic
cycle of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) without the need of H2O2 to be present in the solution. Phenolic compounds,
such as hydroquinone (HQ) and 4-aminophenol (4-AP), were detected
amperometrically in flow-injection analysis (FIA) mode via the use
of an electrode modified with TiO2 impregnated with HRP.
In contrast to the conventional detection scheme, no H2O2 was added to the analyte solution. Basically, the inherited
ability of TiO2 to generate reactive oxygen species is
used as a strategy to avoid adding H2O2 in the
solution during the detection of phenolic compounds. Electron paramagnetic
resonance (EPR) spectroscopy indicates the presence of ROS on titania
which, in interaction with HRP, initiate the electrocatalysis toward
phenolic compounds. The amperometric response to 4-AP was linear in
the concentration range between 0.05 and 2 μM. The sensitivity
was 0.51 A M–1 cm–2, and the limit
of detection (LOD) 26 nM. The proposed sensor design opens new opportunities
for the detection of phenolic traces by HRP-based electrochemical
biosensors, yet in a more straightforward and sensitive way following
green chemistry principles of avoiding the use of reactive and harmful
chemical, such as H2O2.