Systematic evaluation of materials and recipe for scalable processing of sulfide-based solid-state batteries

Batzer, Mattis; Voges, Kevin; Wang, Wenyun; Michalowski, Peter; Kwade, Arno

doi:10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.103189

Cited by 12 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…To obtain a higher energy density the binder content should be kept low and has to be evaluated carefully. [59,75] In Table 3 some examples of binders used for sulfidic SSBs are listed.…”

Section: Cathodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although systematic process parameter variation for rotational speed and residence time on dissolvers and extruders has only been performed in the production of conventional LIBs, [126,127] a difference in shear intensity can be stated based on indications from the work of Teo et al for PCM based production [128] and by Batzer et al for dissolver based preparation. [59] In both research works PIB is used as a binder but divergent results with respect to the adhesion strength of the coatings were achieved. While stable coatings can be produced after mixing in a PCM even with lower binder contents, the coatings whose suspension has been processed using a dissolver are brittle and fragile.…”

Section: Wet Dispersingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Layer-based SSBs are based on punched or cut-out cathode, separator, and anode layers that are stacked to form a cell. Contacting and cell construction depend on the format of the cell: While circular samples can be put inside a Teflon tube, plugged on both sides with sealed metal stamps and these connected to the measuring instrument; [19,59,119,134] rectangular, large-format pouch cells are contacted with conducting tabs and sealed (see Figure 8). [11,111] Due to their simple and fast design, the first cells mentioned are recommended for extensive parameter variations and characterizations, while the latter are essential for practical application.…”

Section: Cell Assemblymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The advantages are central application of the force, homogeneous pressure distribution, as well as easy handling. Examples of use are the publications of Batzer et al [59] and those of the Janek group. [59,119,135] The last cell press device (Figure 9c) is similar to the second, but additionally has a measuring device for dynamic determination of the pressure.…”

Section: Cell Assemblymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current Status of Formulations and Scalable Processes for Producing Sulfidic Solid‐State Batteries

Batzer

Heck

Michalowski

et al. 2022

Batteries & Supercaps

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Solid-state batteries possess the potential to combine increased energy densities, high voltages, as well as safe operation and therefore are considered the future technology for electrical energy storage. In particular, sulfides as solid electrolyte are promising candidates due to their high ionic conductivities and the possibility of a scalable production. This review aims to demonstrate ways to manufacture suspension-based sulfidic solid-state batteries both on a laboratory scale and on an industrial level, focusing on the assessment of current knowl-edge and its discussion from a process engineering point of view. In addition to the influence of process parameters during mechanochemical synthesis of the solid electrolyte, formulation strategies for electrodes and separators are presented. The process chain from dispersion to cell assembly is evaluated. Scale-up technologies are considered in comparison to established techniques in the field of conventional lithium-ion batteries with liquid electrolyte summarizing the current status of sulfidic solid-state battery production.

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“…To obtain a higher energy density the binder content should be kept low and has to be evaluated carefully. [59,75] In Table 3 some examples of binders used for sulfidic SSBs are listed.…”

Section: Cathodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Wet Dispersingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cell Assemblymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cell Assemblymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current Status of Formulations and Scalable Processes for Producing Sulfidic Solid‐State Batteries

Batzer

Heck

Michalowski

et al. 2022

Batteries & Supercaps

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“…Therefore, Joule heating offers a possibility for the upscaling of lab-scale conductive electrode drying, which is commonly used during material development. [70][71][72][73][74][75] In contrast to conventional convective drying, the heat is mainly introduced from the current collector foil into the coating from below, possibly impacting the drying mechanisms that take place in the electrode coating. A hurdle for this approach is the challenge of maintaining continuous electrical contact between the current collector foil and the electrical wiring of the drier, which is necessary to enable coil-to-coil processes while ensuring an even current distribution in the current collector foil for homogeneous drying.…”

Section: Drying Via Joule Heating Of the Current Collector Foilmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Perspective on Innovative Drying Methods for Energy‐Efficient Solvent‐Based Production of Lithium‐Ion Battery Electrodes

et al. 2022

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The process step of drying represents one of the most energyintensive steps in the production of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). [1,2] According to Liu et al., the energy consumption from coating and drying, including solvent recovery, amounts to 46.84% of the total lithium-ion battery production. [3] The starting point for drying battery electrodes on an industrial scale is a wet film of particulate solvent dispersions, which are applied to a current collector foil by slot-die coating. Conventional convective drying removes the solvent from the wet film and solidifies the layer as the drying time progresses (Figure 1). According to the state-of-the-art, electrodes are produced at a web speed of 25-80 m min À1 . [2,[4][5][6][7][8] The deviations in the coating/drying speeds are related to the constant improvement of the system technologies and the different coating thicknesses and types. For example, coatings can be applied intermittently or continuously. [9][10][11] Furthermore, double-sided coatings can be applied simultaneously or sequentially, meaning that the first side is dried first and then the second side. [4,6,7,12] In addition to the actual application methods, parameters such as mass loading and solids content determine the achievable drying rate. Pfleging et al. report typical coating speeds for thick electrodes of 30 m min À1 , whereas Mauler et al. assume that processing speeds of up to 100 m min À1 are realistic in the future. [6,7] However, the influence of the drying intensity on the structure of the electrode must be taken into account. Increasing the drying rate leads to a segregation of binder and carbon black particles contained in the formulation. [13,14] This results in a decrease in binder and carbon black at the interface between the current collector foil and the coating. Jaiser et al. divide the drying process into two different phases. During the first phase, the evaporation of the solvent leads to a shrinkage of the coated layer, the second starts once this shrinkage stops and the solvent is evaporated by capillary transport. The latter phase is mainly responsible for the binder migration. [15] For this reason, drying must be very gentle during this phase. Reducing the drying rate of anode slurries during this stage from 1.19 to 0.52 g m 2 s À1 leads to a 50% increase in adhesive strength. [15] Clearly, an elevation of the drying intensity and the associated production speed is not possible compromising electrode quality. [13,14] Regardless of the electrode parameters, however, throughput can be increased by lengthening the dryer. The difficulty here lies in handling very thin foils, which tend to wrinkle with an increase in dryer length and place new demands on the web tension controls. [4] To be able to increase production speeds and, thus, maximize throughputs, a carefully chosen

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Opportunities and Challenges of Calendering Sulfide‐Based Separators for Solid‐State Batteries

Heck,

Scharmann,

Osenberg

et al. 2024

Batteries & Supercaps

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Continuous densification procedures such as calendering are crucial for sulfide‐based solid‐state batteries to realize industry‐relevant processing. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of line load, roller circumferential speed and roll temperature on slurry‐based Li3PS4 and Li6PS5Cl separators compressed by a lab‐calender installed in an argon‐gas filled glovebox. While Li3PS4 layer become fragile in compressed state, the tested Li6PS5Cl separator is more suitable for calendering due to better mechanical stability. Next to basic analysis of, for example, density, length expansion, pore size distribution and specific ionic conductivity, 3D structures are generated based on images obtained by synchrotron tomography. All calendered separators showed particle breakage of the Li6PS5Cl. A slight decrease of the specific ionic conductivity with increased applied line load or pressure, respectively, is observed for both calendering and uniaxial pressing. However, expected increase of the conductivity was obtained for an increase of the stack pressure. Next to poorer contacting at low stack pressure, it is assumed that springback effect after densification could affect negatively the microstructure of the separator. These results highlight the opportunities and challenges in terms of calendering of sulfide‐based separators, as well as the complex correlations between densification, stack pressure and choice of material.

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Systematic evaluation of materials and recipe for scalable processing of sulfide-based solid-state batteries

Cited by 12 publications

References 41 publications

Current Status of Formulations and Scalable Processes for Producing Sulfidic Solid‐State Batteries

Current Status of Formulations and Scalable Processes for Producing Sulfidic Solid‐State Batteries

A Perspective on Innovative Drying Methods for Energy‐Efficient Solvent‐Based Production of Lithium‐Ion Battery Electrodes

Opportunities and Challenges of Calendering Sulfide‐Based Separators for Solid‐State Batteries

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