Systematic errors in trace analysis

A dual-wavelength method using the BDJ detector and its application to iron concentration measurement

“…Figure 5 shows measured results in the concentration range 0.1-1 µmol l −1 . The data show larger scatter about the calibration line because at very low concentrations, contamination problems as a result of dust in the air in contact with the solutions [8] or sample handling become apparent. Moreover, during preparation of the calibration solutions, relative errors may increase in the successive dilution procedure.…”

Analytical Chemistry of Element Determination (Non‐Nuclear and Nuclear)

“…The text is preceded by a strange table of contents that, for each chapter, omits titles and authors and provides incomplete pagination. Several relevant chapters are on systematic errors in trace analysis (Tölg and Tschöpel 1994); sampling and sample preparation (Woittiez and Sloof 1994); separation and preconcentration of trace elements (Terada 1994); atomic absorption spectrometry (Pelly 1994); and instrumental and radiochemical NAA (Alfassi 1994b, c). The book on environmental chemical analysis by Kebbekus and Mitra (1998), contains one chapter on spectroscopic methods with brief sections on background to spectroscopy, LAS, AAS, ICPAES and XRF.…”

“…(2000) (Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC INTERNATIONAL, the 17th edition of a methods manual from one of the respected, premier methods developing organizations); Watson (1994) (Official and Standardized Methods of Analysis, includes methods compiled and edited for the Analytical Methods Committee of the Royal Society of Chemistry); Marshall (1993) (Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products); Koch and Koch-Dedic (1964) (handbook of trace analysis); Allen et al (1974) (Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials); Stoeppler and Nürnberg (1984) (instrumentation for determination of hazardous metals in human toxicology); Grasshoff, Kremling and Ehrhardt (1999) (Methods of Seawater Analysis, third edition); Firestone (1990) (Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists' Society); Barcelo (1993) (Environmental Analysis -Techniques, Applications and Quality Assurance); and Tölg and Tschöpel (1994) (systematic errors in trace analysis).…”

“…A chapter on QA in environmental analysis (Cofino 1993) covers total quality management of environmental information, quality systems for chemical analysis, QA in the laboratory (organization, management, methodology validation, quality assessment) and interlaboratory studies. The review by Tölg and Tschöpel (1994) on systematic errors in trace analysis is an excellent one by a wellrespected trace analytical researcher and colleague. It includes systematic errors and their avoidance, from various sources and steps in the analytical procedure such as sampling, sample storage, pretreatment, decomposition and separation, volatilization, adsorption, blanks, contamination, alteration of valency state; basic rules for the recognition and elimination of systematic errors are given.…”

Quantitative element analysis by isotope dilution in diode laser graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

“…A way out is the chemical separation of the concomitants before the measurement takes place. This is a time consuming task and contains the risk of contamination with the element under investigation at every stage of work [3]. Thus, there is an urgent need to have a methodology which provides accurate results by the simple addition of an internal standard.…”