Systematic compositional changes and their influence on lattice and optoelectronic properties of Cu2ZnSnSe4 kesterite solar cells

Marquez, J.A.; Neuschitzer, Markus; Dimitrievska, Mirjana; Gunder, René; Haass, Stefan G.; Werner, Melanie; Romanyuk, Yaroslav E.; Schorr, Susan; Pearsall, Nicola; Forbes, Ian

doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2015.10.004

Cited by 61 publications

(50 citation statements)

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“…Sample after the selenization process of 410 °C for 60 min is a solid mixture of cubic increased with an increase in the [Zn]/[Sn] molar ratio in the metal precursors. Similar results can be observed in the Cu-based I-II-IV-VI semiconductors [27,28] . However, only XRD patterns of samples may not confirmed the real phases of samples.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…The Raman shifts of samples at around 181 cm −1 are closed to that for ternary shift to high frequency. Similar results can also be observed in the Cu-based I-II-IV-VI and Cu-based I-III-VI semiconductors [28,30] . We can conclude that the band in Raman shift at around 181 cm −1 belongs to the kesterite AZTSe phase and is influenced with the Zn content in the samples.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 84%

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Photoelectrochemical performances of kesterite Ag 2 ZnSnSe 4 photoelectrodes in the salt-water and water solutions

Cheng

2017

Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 84%

Photoelectrochemical performances of kesterite Ag 2 ZnSnSe 4 photoelectrodes in the salt-water and water solutions

Cheng

2017

Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers

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“…The kesterite composition correlates with the measured bandgap and Cu-poor kesterite exhibits a higher bandgap than Cu-rich kesterite. [30,31] Utilizing the bandgap measurements from Figure 3d we deduce that the kesterite composition is less Cu-poor for Na compared to K for the same nominal Sn content. Conclusively, the remnant Sn not incorporated into the kesterite phase leads to the appearance of Sn(S,Se) 2 secondary phase.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Complex Interplay between Absorber Composition and Alkali Doping in High‐Efficiency Kesterite Solar Cells

Haass

Andrés

Figi

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

106

107

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kesterite material with its optimal bandgap and absorption coefficient. [2] Alkali treatment of kesterite solar cells is one of the measures to reduce the high V OC -deficit and most of today's >10% efficiency kesterite devices utilize the beneficial effects of alkali elements on absorber layer morphology and optoelectronic properties. So far the most research attention has been paid to sodium, resulting in many thorough investigations which revealed grain size enhancement, passivation of grain boundaries, and an increase in net hole concentration as the major beneficial effects of sodium treatments. [3][4][5][6] Also lithium addition has shown to improve device performance by boosting the electronic quality of the CZTSSe absorber material and grain boundaries. [7] First studies on the effect of potassium addition confirmed advantageous effects on kesterite absorber growth and optoelectronic properties similar to Na. [8,9] Several studies comparing different alkali elements and their effect on solar cell properties and device performance have recently been published. [10][11][12][13] Table 1 compares the effects on device performance by extracting a ranking of the various alkali elements in each publication in the order of their capability to improve device performance. It is apparent from these rankings that no consistent experimental results have been obtained, which triggers two questions: (i) Why do the published results differ so much? (ii) Which alkali element possesses the highest potential for efficiency improvements?This paper aims to unveil the discrepancy between the recently published results comparing the effects of alkali treatments on device performance. Our hypothesis is that each alkali element requires a different absorber composition to achieve the highest PV performance and we therefore prepared a comprehensive set of samples with different alkali elements and alkali concentrations as well as various metal ratios. All samples were thoroughly characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), as well as current-voltage (J-V), capacitance-voltage (C-V), time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL), and external quantum efficiency (EQE) measurements.The methodology used for absorber synthesis is based on the solution process described elsewhere, [14] allowing for accurate alkali incorporation by simply adding alkali chlorides to the solution. [15] Figure 1a illustrates the matrix of sample compositions prepared with five different alkali elements: lithium (Li), Sodium treatment of kesterite layers is a widely used and efficient method to boost solar cell efficiency. However, first experiments employing other alkali elements cause confusion as reported results contradict each other. In this comprehensive investigation, the effects of absorber composition, alkali element, and concentration on optoelectronic properties and device performance are investigated. Experimental results show that in the r...

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“…The results of the analysis are reflected at the top of the CMZTSSe thin films because the effective analysis depth of Raman spectra with 514 nm excitation is about 108 nm . Besides, the Cu content will be decreased when the Raman intensity of CZTSe at about 170 cm −1 decreases . Therefore, the Cu 2 Mn 0.05 Zn 0.95 Sn(S,Se) 4 absorber surface is more Cu‐poor compared with the pure‐CZTSSe.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Optimization of the Performance of Mn²⁺‐Doped Kesterite Solar Cell: Machine Learning Aided Synthesis of High Efficient Cu₂(Mn,Zn)Sn(S,Se)₄ Solar Cells

Hou

Gao

et al. 2018

Solar RRL

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Isoelectronic cation substitution is a potential method to decrease the density of Cu‐Zn anti‐site defects in CZTSSe, thus improving the VOC and performance of CZTSSe solar cells. The proper doping concentration is determined traditionally by the trial and error approach, costing much time, and materials. How to shorten the time to find the proper doping concentration is a big challenge for the development of solar cells. Here, by utilizing the machine learning model, the authors carry out an adaptive design for predicting the optimal doping ratio of Mn2+ ions in CZTSSe solar cells for improved solar cell efficiency. With the help of machine learning prediction, the authors rapidly and efficiently find the optimal doping ratio of Mn2+ in CZTSSe solar cells to be 0.05, achieving a highest solar cell efficiency of 8.9% in experiment. Further experimental characterizations of Mn‐doped CZTSSe show that the defect in CZTSSe after Mn doping is changed from an anti‐site CuZn defect to VCu defect. Our findings suggest that machine learning is a very powerful and efficient approach to aid the development of solar cell materials for its application in the photovoltaic field.

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Systematic compositional changes and their influence on lattice and optoelectronic properties of Cu2ZnSnSe4 kesterite solar cells

Cited by 61 publications

References 28 publications

Photoelectrochemical performances of kesterite Ag 2 ZnSnSe 4 photoelectrodes in the salt-water and water solutions

Photoelectrochemical performances of kesterite Ag 2 ZnSnSe 4 photoelectrodes in the salt-water and water solutions

Complex Interplay between Absorber Composition and Alkali Doping in High‐Efficiency Kesterite Solar Cells

Efficient Optimization of the Performance of Mn²⁺‐Doped Kesterite Solar Cell: Machine Learning Aided Synthesis of High Efficient Cu₂(Mn,Zn)Sn(S,Se)₄ Solar Cells

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Systematic compositional changes and their influence on lattice and optoelectronic properties of Cu2ZnSnSe4 kesterite solar cells

Cited by 61 publications

References 28 publications

Photoelectrochemical performances of kesterite Ag 2 ZnSnSe 4 photoelectrodes in the salt-water and water solutions

Photoelectrochemical performances of kesterite Ag 2 ZnSnSe 4 photoelectrodes in the salt-water and water solutions

Complex Interplay between Absorber Composition and Alkali Doping in High‐Efficiency Kesterite Solar Cells

Efficient Optimization of the Performance of Mn2+‐Doped Kesterite Solar Cell: Machine Learning Aided Synthesis of High Efficient Cu2(Mn,Zn)Sn(S,Se)4 Solar Cells

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Efficient Optimization of the Performance of Mn²⁺‐Doped Kesterite Solar Cell: Machine Learning Aided Synthesis of High Efficient Cu₂(Mn,Zn)Sn(S,Se)₄ Solar Cells