Systematic comparison of various oxidation treatments on diamond surface

Li, Chenxi; Zhang, Xiang; Oliveira, Eliezer Fernando; Puthirath, Anand B.; Neupane, Mahesh R.; Weil, James; Birdwell, A. Glen; Ivanov, Tony; Kong, Seoyun; Gray, Tia; Kannan, Harikishan; Biswas, Abhijit; Vajtai, Róbert; Galvão, Douglas S.; Ajayan, Pulickel M.

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2021.06.050

Cited by 33 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…This observation could be well explained by our previous report on diamond oxidation, which reveals that the oxidative rate of an acid mixture is temperature-dependent. 34 Overall, a reaction temperature of 190 °C was found as the optimal temperature to leave adequate hydrogen atoms and resulted in a decent amount of electron-withdrawing groups on diamond surfaces upon both oxidation methods.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Amination of Boron-Doped Diamond Surfaces

Oliveira

Zhang

et al. 2022

Chem. Mater.

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Functionalized, especially aminated boron-doped diamond (BDD), is of great interest for catalytic, molecular, and biosensing applications due to its attractive properties. Among various established techniques for diamond amination, UV irradiation in ammonia gas (NH 3 ) has been adopted widely for its simplicity and cost-effectiveness. However, the resultant amination efficiency is found to be relatively low, hindering its usefulness in relevant technologies. In this work, we report a novel strategy for BDD amination by UV irradiation in NH 3 that enhances the amination efficiency and results in primary amine dominance. We showed that with hydrobromic acid (HBr) treatment, the nitrogen concentration increased to greater than 6% on the BDD surface. Importantly, it was found that the partial concentrations of both amine groups (primary −NH 2 and secondary �NH) strongly depend on the preoxidation states of hydrogenated BDD (HBDD). HBDD treated with sulfuric and nitric acids (H 2 SO 4 /HNO 3 ) presented a primary amine group (−NH 2 ) coverage of approximately 94%, whereas the one modified by piranha solution was approximately 63% after amination. Additionally, with such treatments, the sp 2 carbon cleaning and surface smoothening effects were also observed on the BDD, which provides an alternative to cleaning the diamond surface. Theoretical simulations provided insights into the mechanisms of HBr treatment, stability of nitrogen-related groups, and relative group formation. Our work demonstrates the improved amination efficiency and the dominant amine group coverage on the BDD surface, which will be useful for various applications.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Amination of Boron-Doped Diamond Surfaces

Oliveira

Zhang

et al. 2022

Chem. Mater.

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“…In this study, we use near-surface high density NV center ensembles (implanted with 15 N at an energy of 2.5 keV and a fluence of 2 × 10 12 cm –2 ), distributed ∼5 nm underneath the diamond surface, ,, to investigate the effect of aqueous electrolyte solutions on the spin–lattice relaxation time T 1 probed by NV relaxometry. Before experiments are conducted, we prepare the diamond surface with a triacid clean procedure according to Brown et al This procedure not only ensures the removal of non-diamond carbon material from the interface but also creates an oxidized surface comprised of hydroxyl groups, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids . We position the diamond in a microfluidic device that guarantees controllable in- and output of the applied liquids, prevents sample evaporation, and provides a constant and defined volume for following measurements (see Figure a) .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Before experiments are conducted, we prepare the diamond surface with a triacid clean procedure according to Brown et al 38 This procedure not only ensures the removal of non-diamond carbon material from the interface but also creates an oxidized surface comprised of hydroxyl groups, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. 39 We position the diamond in a microfluidic device that guarantees controllable in-and output of the applied liquids, prevents sample evaporation, and provides a constant and defined volume for following measurements (see Figure 1a). 15 Importantly, the microfluidic device avoids direct contact between the liquid and the microwave delivery.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Electrolytes in the Relaxation of Near-Surface Spin Defects in Diamond

et al. 2023

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Quantum sensing with spin defects in diamond, such as the nitrogen vacancy (NV) center, enables the detection of various chemical species on the nanoscale. Molecules or ions with unpaired electronic spins are typically probed by their influence on the NV center’s spin relaxation. Whereas it is well-known that paramagnetic ions reduce the NV center’s relaxation time (T 1), here we report on the opposite effect for diamagnetic ions. We demonstrate that millimolar concentrations of aqueous diamagnetic electrolyte solutions increase the T 1 time of near-surface NV center ensembles compared to pure water. To elucidate the underlying mechanism of this surprising effect, single and double quantum NV experiments are performed, which indicate a reduction of magnetic and electric noise in the presence of diamagnetic electrolytes. In combination with ab initio simulations, we propose that a change in the interfacial band bending due to the formation of an electric double layer leads to a stabilization of fluctuating charges at the interface of an oxidized diamond. This work not only helps to understand noise sources in quantum systems but could also broaden the application space of quantum sensors toward electrolyte sensing in cell biology, neuroscience, and electrochemistry.

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“…The lower energy peak at 1740 cm −1 is probably due to the presence of abundant carboxylic acid groups as a result of oxidizing acid treatment. [ 41 ] The higher energy CO peak at 1800 cm −1 is typical for air‐oxidized NDs and is often ascribed to carboxylic acid, anhydride groups, or lactones. [ 18 ] In the case of HPHT ND‐O‐H, the CO as well as the OH‐related features diminished, and the spectrum is dominated by three prominent peaks at 2833, 2848, and 2920 cm −1 corresponding to the CH stretching on (111), (110), and (100) facets of the nanodiamonds, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanodiamonds as Charge Extraction Layer in Organic Solar Cells: The Impact of the Nanodiamond Surface Chemistry

et al. 2023

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Diamond nanoparticles so‐called nanodiamonds (NDs) have recently experienced raising scientific interest due to interesting optical and electronic properties, nontoxicity, biocompatibility, and large surface area. Another significant feature of NDs is the versatility of the surface chemistry, where various functional groups can be attached. This provides an excellent platform for adjusting NDs properties and functions for many applications including in photovoltaic devices. Herein, high‐pressure high‐temperature (HPHT) NDs are tested as charge extraction material in organic solar cells using various surface chemistries: as‐received (HPHT ND‐ar), oxidized (HPHT ND‐O), and hydrogenated (HPHT ND‐O‐H) NDs. Despite the high work function values (≈5.3 eV) of HPHT ND‐ar and HPHT ND‐O, which make these materials normally suitable for hole extraction, devices made with them failed. In contrast, the work function decreases upon hydrogenation (≈4.5 eV) of the beforehand oxidized NDs, making them interesting for electron extraction. By employing such HPHT ND‐O‐H for electron extraction layers, PBDB‐T:ITIC‐based devices reach 77%, while PM6:Y6‐based devices reach even 85% of the performance when process on standard ZnO electron transport layers. Improvement of the film‐forming qualities of this new electron extraction material is expected to further improve the performance.

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Systematic comparison of various oxidation treatments on diamond surface

Cited by 33 publications

References 44 publications

Amination of Boron-Doped Diamond Surfaces

Amination of Boron-Doped Diamond Surfaces

The Role of Electrolytes in the Relaxation of Near-Surface Spin Defects in Diamond

Nanodiamonds as Charge Extraction Layer in Organic Solar Cells: The Impact of the Nanodiamond Surface Chemistry

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