Systematic Anatomy and Phylogeny of Mexican Columnar Cacti

Gibson, Arthur C.; E., Horak, Karl

doi:10.2307/2398781

Cited by 154 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Floral and reproductive traits of Lophocereus schottii appear highly divergent from those of their closest relatives. L. schottii and L. gatesii, along with three species of Pachycereus, occur in a monophyletic clade (Gibson and Horak 1978;Cornejo and Simpson 1997). In fact, L. schottii and L. gatesii are now being placed in the genus Pachycereus and renamed as P. schottii and P. gatesii (Hunt and Taylor 1990;Anderson 2001;A.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Co-pollinators and specialization in the pollinating seed-consumer mutualism between senita cacti and senita moths

Holland

Fleming

2002

Oecologia

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Specialization of a plant on a particular pollinator may not evolve if co-pollinators are effective and abundant. This is particularly evident if fruit set is resource limited and cannot be increased above the levels produced by the actions of co-pollinators. The pollinating seed-consuming interaction between senita cacti and senita moths in the Sonoran Desert presents a paradox because it exhibits many traits resembling those of the highly specialized yucca/yucca moth system, but also involves co-pollinators. For 6 years, we studied how contributions of nocturnal senita moths and diurnal co-pollinating bees to fruit set depended on resource and pollen limitation, time of flower closing, and the onset and phenology of flowering. Fruit set was typically resource limited. Fruit set of flowers exposed only to senita moths was not different from resource-limited fruit set of control flowers. When only co-pollinating bees were allowed to visit flowers, however, fruit set became pollen limited. Only in one year when fruit set was pollen limited were bees able to increase fruit set beyond the level resulting from senita moth pollination. High temperatures commonly induced flowers to close before sunrise so that diurnal bees were unable to visit flowers. This was particularly important from 1998 to 2000, when flowering did not begin until late in spring when temperatures were already high enough to induce flowers to close before sunrise. Bees were typically functionally redundant with senita moths; excluding bees from visiting flowers did not alter fruit set. Nevertheless, extreme specialization of floral traits to exclude co-pollinators has not evolved in senita, possibly because there are times when bees do increase fruit set. This can occur when senita moths are rare, fruit set is pollen limited, cool temperatures prevent flowers from closing before sunrise, and flowering begins early in spring.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most species of Pachycereus produce large flowers (7-12 cm long) and nectar volumes (up to 2 ml) that attract vertebrate pollinators. Pachycereus marginatus is hummingbird pollinated and senita's closest relative (Gibson and Horak 1978;Cornejo and Simpson 1997;Hartman et al, in press). It has diurnal, red flowers 4-5 cm long.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-pollinators and specialization in the pollinating seed-consumer mutualism between senita cacti and senita moths

Holland

Fleming

2002

Oecologia

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“…Tanto a epiderme como o colênquima subepidérmico das Cactaceae, além de desempenharem função de proteção para o caule, constituem regiões importantes no estudo taxonômico de representantes da família (Gibson & Horak 1978, Gibson & Nobel 1986. Fato este verificado no presente estudo, em que foi possível diferenciar indivíduos com base no aspecto da epiderme, e do espessamento das paredes e do lume das células subepidérmicas.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Fato este verificado no presente estudo, em que foi possível diferenciar indivíduos com base no aspecto da epiderme, e do espessamento das paredes e do lume das células subepidérmicas. Ainda com relação a estas duas camadas foi possível observar cristais prismáticos, semelhantes aos descritos por alguns autores (Gibson 1977, Gibson & Horak 1978, Gibson & Nobel 1986, Silva & Alves 1999, Soffiatti & Angyalossy 2003. Segundo Gibson & Horak (1978), a função dos cristais nessas regiões é de promover proteção contra herbivoria, além de refletir a excessiva incidência de raios solares, evitando possíveis danos ao parênquima clorofiliano (Fahn & Cutler 1992).…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…As grandes câmaras subestomáticas localizadas em toda a extensão do colênquima subepidérmico são mencionadas por alguns autores (Conde 1975, Gibson & Horak 1978, Soffiatti & Angyalossy 2003 e foram observadas em todos os indivíduos analisados neste trabalho. Segundo Darling (1989) e Fahn & Cutler (1992 a localização destas câmaras assegura rápidas trocas gasosas logo após a abertura dos estômatos, aumentando assim a eficiência fotossintética.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

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Anatomia dos órgãos vegetativos de Cactaceae da caatinga pernambucana

Arruda¹,

Melo-de-Pinna²,

Alves³

2005

Rev. bras. Bot.

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-(Anatomy of the vegetative organs of Cactaceae of the caatinga from Pernambuco). Root and cladode transections of five species of Cactaceae from a "caatinga" of Pernambuco (Harrisia adscendens (Gürke) Britton & Rose; Melocactus × horridus Wedermann; M. zenhtneri (Britton & Rose) Luetzelb.; Tacinga inamoena (Schumann) Taylor & Stuppy, and T. palmadora (Britton & Rose) Taylor & Stuppy), were analyzed to verify diagnostic and adaptative features. The sections were stained with safranin and astrablue and mounted in glycerine. The surveys did not show great differences in the roots inner structure among studied species. In the secondary xylem of the roots broad pericyclic rays occur, representing an important adaptative character in xerophytes. The cladodes present the following diagnostic and adaptative features: type of spines; type and position of stomata; hypodermis structure; presence of crystals in epidermis and hypodermis; type and position of mucilaginous structures; general aspects of the vascular system; occurrence of cortical and medular vascular bundles; and presence of storage parenchyma. The results of this work show that the studied species are typical cacti presenting anatomical features, which can be responsible for the success of these plants in adverse environments as the "caatinga".Key words -anatomy, caatinga, Cactaceae, taxonomy , foram analisadas para verificação de caracteres diagnósticos e adaptativos. As secções foram coradas com safranina e azul de astra e montadas em glicerina. As observações feitas mostraram que a estrutura interna das raízes é bastante similar não sendo observados caracteres diagnósticos. No xilema secundário das raízes ocorrem amplos raios pericíclicos representando um importante caracter adaptativo. O cladódio apresenta os seguintes caracteres diagnósticos e adaptativos: tipos de espinho; tipo e posição dos estômatos; estrutura da hipoderme; tipo e posição das estruturas mucilaginosas; aspecto geral do sistema vascular; ocorrência de feixes corticais e medulares; presença de cristais na epiderme e hipoderme e presença de parênquima aqüífero. Os resultados deste trabalho mostram que as espécies estudadas são cactos típicos apresentando caracteres, que podem ser responsáveis pelo sucesso destas plantas em ambientes adversos como a caatinga. RESUMO -(Anatomia dos órgãos vegetativos de Cactaceae da caatinga pernambucana). Secções de raízes e cladódios de cinco espécies de Cactaceae ocorrentes em uma região de caatinga de Pernambuco (Harrisia adscendens(

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Phylogenomics in Cactaceae: A case study using the chollas sensu lato (Cylindropuntieae, Opuntioideae) reveals a common pattern out of the Chihuahuan and Sonoran deserts

Majure

Baker

Cloud-Hughes³

et al. 2019

American J of Botany

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Premise Although numerous phylogenetic studies have been conducted in Cactaceae, whole‐plastome datasets have not been employed. We used the chollas to develop a plastome dataset for phylogeny reconstruction to test species relationships, biogeography, clade age, and morphological evolution. Methods We developed a plastome dataset for most known diploid members of the chollas (42 taxa) as well as for other members of Cylindropuntieae. Paired‐end, raw reads from genome skimming were reference‐mapped onto a de novo plastome assembly of one species of cholla, Cylindropuntia bigelovii, and were used to build our plastome dataset, which was analyzed using various methods. Results Our plastome dataset resolved the phylogeny of the chollas, including most interspecific and intraspecific relationships. Tribe Cylindropuntieae arose ~18 mya, during the early Miocene in southern South America, and is supported as sister to the South American clade Tephrocacteae. The (Micropuntia (Cylindropuntia + Grusonia)) clade most likely originated in the Chihuahuan Desert region around 16 mya and then migrated into other North American desert regions. Key morphological characters for recognizing traditional taxonomic series in Cylindropuntia (e.g., spiny fruit) are mostly homoplasious. Conclusions This study provides the first comprehensive plastome phylogeny for any clade within Cactaceae. Although the chollas s.l. are widespread throughout western North American deserts, their most recent common ancestor likely arose in the Chihuahuan Desert region during the mid‐Miocene, with much of their species diversity arising in the early to mid‐Pliocene, a pattern strikingly similar to those found in other western North American desert groups.

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Systematic Anatomy and Phylogeny of Mexican Columnar Cacti

Cited by 154 publications

References 32 publications

Co-pollinators and specialization in the pollinating seed-consumer mutualism between senita cacti and senita moths

Co-pollinators and specialization in the pollinating seed-consumer mutualism between senita cacti and senita moths

Anatomia dos órgãos vegetativos de Cactaceae da caatinga pernambucana

Phylogenomics in Cactaceae: A case study using the chollas sensu lato (Cylindropuntieae, Opuntioideae) reveals a common pattern out of the Chihuahuan and Sonoran deserts

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