Systematic analysis of occurrence, density and ecological risks of 45 veterinary antibiotics: Focused on family livestock farms in Erhai Lake basin, Yunnan, China

Abstract

Antibiotic pollution from family animal farms is often neglected, but the waste from these farms usually caused more harm to the surroundings because arbitrary discharge without effective disposal. The pollution status and ecological risks of 45 veterinary antibiotics on 33 family animal farms in Dali city, Erhai Lake basin of China, were firstly delivered. The results showed that antibiotic contamination was prevalent in different environmental mediums (feed, manure, wastewater and soil) on these family farms. Manure had highest antibiotic levels among all the environmental mediums. Tetracyclines (TCs) usually had higher concentrations (ND-404.95 mg/kg) than the other classes, among which chlorotetracycline (CTC) was the dominant type. Among different animal species, target 13 pig farms had the highest antibiotic concentrations, the most total types and unique types of antibiotics, which were followed by target 11 chicken farms then target 9 cattle farms. The antibiotic densities of animal waste were calculated by per animal, which showed that pig waste presented high density; and family chicken farms were characterized by quinolone antibiotics (QAs) and macrolide antibiotics (MAs) pollution. For the antibiotic ecological risks in effluent water, oxytetracycline (OTC), CTC, ofloxacin (OFL), enrofloxacin (ENR), ciprofloxacin (CIP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX2) exhibited much more toxic effects on algae. OTC and doxycycline (DXC) posed high risk for invertebrate; while no antibiotic caused high ecological risk for fish. Some antibiotics were quantitatively detected in the soil but no antibiotic posed obvious ecological risks on soils. However, the interaction of synergistic or antagonistic effects between different antibiotics should be brought to the forefront. This study gave some information of antibiotic pollution on family livestock farms, which indicated that animal waste from family farms was indeed an important pollution source of antibiotics for the environment.

Antibacterial Residue Excretion via Urine as an Indicator for Therapeutical Treatment Choice and Farm Waste Treatment

“…Considering the compound's high initial concentration, and extrapolating from the regression calculating the time required for the entire excretion of the antimicrobial from urine, more than two months would be needed to attain a complete excretion, a much longer period when compared to the end of the withdrawal period set by the manufacturer (28 days). This could be one of the reasons why this antimicrobial family is frequently detected at high levels in farm wastes [48], along with the fact that waste treatments are often either poor or non-existent. Tetracyclines have indeed been detected in groundwaters and lagoons in the vicinity of swine production facilities [49][50][51].…”

“…excretion, a much longer period when compared to the end of the withdrawal peri by the manufacturer (28 days). This could be one of the reasons why this antimic family is frequently detected at high levels in farm wastes [48], along with the fa waste treatments are often either poor or non-existent. Tetracyclines have indeed detected in groundwaters and lagoons in the vicinity of swine production facilitie 51].…”

Comparative Study of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens X030 on the Intestinal Flora and Antibacterial Activity Against Aeromonas of Grass Carp

“…The increasing density of fish farming and the deterioration of the aquatic environment have led to disease outbreaks and aquaculture losses. The traditional extensive use of antibiotics will lead to environmental pollution, pathogen resistance and drug residues in aquatic products, which can seriously threaten human health ( Mukherjee et al., 2019 ; Zhi et al., 2020 ). Therefore, improving the microbial community by probiotic supplementation has been suggested as promising approach in the prevention of diseases.…”

Occurrence and removal of 25 antibiotics during sewage treatment processes and potential risk analysis

“…They can be used to treat human diseases (Qian-Qian et al 2015), promote growth in animal husbandry, and improve feed efficiency (Dan et al 2020). Therefore, in the past few decades, to meet human health needs and increase economic benefits, antibiotics have played a vital role in medical treatment (Zhi et al 2020), animal husbandry (Gaballah et al 2021) and agriculture (Parente et al 2019). However, most organisms have incomplete absorption and metabolism of antibiotics (Sarmah et al 2006).…”