System-theoretic approach to safety of remotely-controlled merchant vessel

Wróbel, Krzysztof; Montewka, Jakub; Kujala, Pentti

doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.01.020

Cited by 98 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The validity of the GHSC was further supported by the general guidelines (Leveson, 2011) and an array of example applications of STAMP where HSC diagrams have been developed, e.g. (Kim et al, 2016a;Wróbel et al, 2018).…”

Section: Hierarchical Safety Control Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Unravelling causal factors of maritime incidents and accidents

et al. 2018

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Lessons from maritime accidents are conventionally used to inform safety improvements in design and operation of ships. However, this process is only as good as the core understanding derived from accident analysis is. The current explanation of accidents is limited to direct and contributing causal factors, whereas the role of a wider socio-technical context that has given rise to causal mechanisms behind major maritime accidents in recent years is left unexplained. The paper describes analysis results of maritime incidents and accidents occurred over the last decade with passenger ships, with the purpose to illuminate the prevailing causal factors, not least the systemic ones. The results show where the weak links in maritime safety control are (e.g., interactions between ship operators and equipment manufacturers), what their role in accident causation is, and how they can be strengthened. The study seeks to provide valuable input for enhancements in overall maritime safety control and proactive safety management at the ship and shipping company levels.

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Section: Hierarchical Safety Control Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Unravelling causal factors of maritime incidents and accidents

et al. 2018

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“…• A-1 The ship collides with a moving obstacle. To identify and select system hazards which may lead to these accidents, we have reviewed the hazards presented in DNV-GL (2018), Wróbel, Montewka, & Kujala (2018a) and Wróbel, Montewka, & Kujala (2018b). We have then selected and reformulated the following three hazards for our case study:…”

Section: Accidents and System-level Hazardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety Verification for Autonomous Ships

2019

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Autonomous and unmanned ships are approaching reality. One of several unsolved challenges related to these systems is how to perform safety verification. Although this challenge represents a many-faceted problem, which must be addressed at several levels, it seems likely that simulatorbased testing of high-level computer control systems will be an important technique. In the field of reliability verification and testing, design verification refers to the process of verifying that specified functions are satisfied over the life of a system. A basic requirement for any autonomous ship is that it has to be safe. In this paper, we propose to use the Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) to (i) derive potential loss scenarios for autonomous ships and safety requirements to prevent them from occurring, and (ii) to develop a safety verification program, including test cases, intended to verify safety. Loss scenarios and associated safety requirements are derived using STPA. To derive a safety verification program, these unsafe scenarios and safety requirements are used to identify key variables, verification objectives, acceptance criteria and a set of suitable verification activities related to each scenario. The paper describes the proposed methodology and demonstrates it in a case study. Test cases for simulator-based testing and practical sea-trials are derived for autonomous ships. The case study shows that the proposed method is feasible as a way of generating a holistic safety verification program for autonomous ships.

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“…Instead, a Bayesian inference based quantitative model is presented to quantify the awareness of autonomous ships navigation in abstract terms. In order to clarify the composition of remotely-controlled merchant vessel, we adopt the safety control structure was first developed by Wróbel [24] (Figure 4). The safety control structure is focus on the "remote control" mode of autonomous ships and built under Systems Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) framework, which is a novel hazard identification method.…”

Section: The Proposed Quantitative Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 4. The system's safety control structure of remotelycontrolled vessel [24] The structure was divided into five parts, namely organizational environment, shore facilities (SCC), communication, vessel and environment. Data was supported by various sensors is used to provide SA for operator on shore to make system-level decisions.…”

Section: The Proposed Quantitative Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Processing of Situation Awareness for Autonomous Ships Navigation

Zhou¹,

Liu²,

Zhao³

et al. 2019

TransNav

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The first ever attempt at fully autonomous dock-to-dock operation has been tested and demonstrated successfully at the end of 2018. The revolutionary shift is feared to have a negative impact on the safety of navigation and the getting of real-time situation awareness. Especially, the centralized context onboard could be changed to a distributed context. In navigation safety domain, monitoring, control, assessment of dangerous situations, support of operators of decision-making support system should be implemented in real time. In the context of autonomous ships, decision-making processes will play an important role under such ocean autonomy, therefore the same technologies should consist of adequate system intelligence. At the same time, situation awareness is the key element of the decision-making processes. Although there is substantial research on situation awareness measurement techniques, they are not suitable to directly execute quantitative processing for the situation awareness of autonomous ships navigation. Hence, a novel quantitative model of situation awareness is firstly proposed based on the system safety control structure of remotely controlled vessel. The data source is greatly limited, but the main result still indicates that the probability of operator lose adequate situation awareness of the autonomous ship is significantly higher than the conventional ship. Finally, the paper provides a probabilistic theory and model for high-level abstractions of situation awareness to guide future evaluation of the navigation safety of autonomous ships.

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System-theoretic approach to safety of remotely-controlled merchant vessel

Cited by 98 publications

References 29 publications

Unravelling causal factors of maritime incidents and accidents

Unravelling causal factors of maritime incidents and accidents

Safety Verification for Autonomous Ships

Quantitative Processing of Situation Awareness for Autonomous Ships Navigation

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