Syrian Civil War: a systematic review of trauma casualty epidemiology

McIntyre, J

doi:10.1136/jramc-2019-001304

Cited by 20 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…The ndings of this study were in line with comparable studies about abdominal injuries published from hospitals in Damascus, as it found explosions to be the most frequent mechanism of injury followed by gunshot (39,42). In contrast, published articles from neighboring countries agreed that gunshot is the most prevalent cause (25,(43)(44)(45), which might be possibly attributed to the high severity of multiorgan shrapnel injuries that increased the challenge of crossing the borders and presenting to these centres. This might be also due to the differences between con ict areas as the patients of these studies came from areas near the borders where re exchange and open battles were most likely to happen.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Several reports on war-related injuries in the SAC have been published in neighboring countries (20)(21)(22)(23)(24), and a systematic review found that injuries to the head, face, and neck were the most common (37%) (25). Brain damage and hemorrhage were also the most common causes of death in Syrians who presented to Turkish and Jordanian trauma centers (26, 27).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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War-related traumatic brain injuries during the Syrian armed conflict in Damascus 2014-2017: a cohort study and a literature review

Hanafi

Munder

AHMAD

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: The decade-long Syrian armed conflict killed or injured more than 11% of the Syrian population. Head and neck injuries are the most frequent cause of war-related trauma, about half of which are brain injuries. Reports about Syrian brain trauma victims were published from neighboring countries; However, none are available from Syrian hospitals. This study aims to report war-related traumatic brain injuries from the Syrian capital.Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study between 2014 and 2017 at Damascus Hospital, the largest public hospital in Damascus, Syria. Target patients were the victims of combat-related traumatic brain injuries who arrived alive and were admitted to the neurosurgery department or to another department but followed by the neurosurgery team. The collected data included the mechanism, type, and site of injury based on imaging findings; types of invasive interventions; intensive-care unit (ICU) admissions; as well as neurological status at admission and discharge including several severity scales.Results: Our sample consisted of 195 patients; Ninety-six of them were male young adults, in addition to 40 females and 61 children. Injuries were caused by shrapnel in 127 (65%) cases, and by gunshots in the rest, and most of them (91%) were penetrating. Sixty-eight patients (35%) were admitted to the ICU, and 56 (29%) underwent surgery. Neurological impairment was reported in 49 patients (25%) at discharge, and the mortality rate during hospitalization was 33%. Mortality and neurological impairment associated significantly with higher values on clinical and imaging severity scores.Conclusions: This study captured the full spectrum of war-related brain injuries of civilians and armed personnel in Syria without the delay required to transport patients to neighboring countries. Although the clinical presentation of injuries at admission was not as severe as that in previous reports, the inadequate resources (i.e., ventilators and operation rooms) and the lack of previous experience with similar injuries might have resulted in the higher mortality rate. Clinical and imaging severity scales can provide a handy tool in identifying cases with low probability of survival especially with the shortage of personal and physical resources.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

War-related traumatic brain injuries during the Syrian armed conflict in Damascus 2014-2017: a cohort study and a literature review

Hanafi

Munder

AHMAD

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Psychological counseling in Syria is limited by school psychologists graduated from faculty of education. Syria is one of the worst areas that have conflict for ( McIntyre, 2020 ). By detecting other regional wars, the death rate in Syria was more than the others ( McIntyre, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Syria is one of the worst areas that have conflict for ( McIntyre, 2020 ). By detecting other regional wars, the death rate in Syria was more than the others ( McIntyre, 2020 ). The consequences of this war have negatively impacted the poorly developed research environment in Syria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge, stigma, and beliefs toward mental illnesses among schoolteachers in Damascus

Latifeh

Jaredh

Nasri

et al. 2021

Int J Soc Psychiatry

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Background: Teachers have an important role in promoting the mental wellbeing of their students, hence their knowledge and attitudes toward mental health disorders should be assessed. A very few studies regarding this topic were conducted in Syria, but due to the recent events which have had occurred the country, it is essential to deal with students who suffer from mental illnesses professionally especially that such disorders may be stigmatized by the society. Aims: This paper aims to investigate knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes toward mental disorders in a sample of Syrian schoolteachers. Method: A cross-sectional study using self-administered questionnaire was conducted in Damascus and Refdimashq, involving 400 teachers from 16 schools. Results: The results showed that the prevalence of stigmatizing positions toward psychiatric illnesses was low among teachers. The contributors did not state a correlation between spiritual beliefs and psychological disorders. It was also found that teachers were neutral in their knowledge about mental illnesses and psychiatric treatment or interventions along with their mental health resources. However, 42.5% of the participants use the internet for such purposes. Conclusion: In general, teachers of Damascus and its Refdimashq had a reasonable degree of awareness about mental disorders and treatments. Furthermore, neither stigma nor the relation between religious thoughts and mental disorders had been ascertained.

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“…The situation in Syria can be considered as complicated, compared to other countries. Long-lasting con ict and economic collapse are among additional factors that affect efforts against the pandemic (9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological Effects on Healthcare Workers in Syria During COVID-19

Alhaffar

Kouchaji

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Introduction:Since the declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of infected cases. Thus, the number of hospital admissions has peaked during a short period, which in return has created a huge burden on healthcare workers. The effect of this pandemic on HCWs can be more severe in war-torn countries. This research aims to explore the psychological effects of the current pandemic on healthcare providers in Syria and compare it with the situation of Syrian HCP outside Syria.Materials and methods:660 has participated in this cross-sectional study using an online questionnaire during two phases (two months apart). The first sample included 76 participants which were used for comparison only, and the second sample consisted of 584 participants (118 outside Syria, 466 inside Syria). The study included demographic, social, and workplace-related questions, as well as three scoring systems including The Pittsburgh, Sleep quality index (PSQI), Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD 7).Results: 72.4% of the first sample had poor sleep quality compared to 80% for the second sample, while over 40% of the first sample had scored well on the Kessler scale and 17% scored severe stress disorder, the second sample scored 29.8% and 27.9% on the same index retrospectively. Over 70% of the two samples scored mild on the generalized stress disorder index. Both inside and outside Syria samples had very similar results on the three indices, and no significant difference was noticed between the sample inside Syria and the sample outside Syria for the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (P=0.900), and for the Generalized Anxiety Disorder score (P=0.798), and no significant difference was noticed between the two samples for the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (P=0.231). Conclusion: The current pandemic has imposed new concerns related to the preparedness of health systems worldwide but especially in countries with limited resources. Additionally, addressing mental health issues has become vital to ensure that healthcare systems are more effective.Regions of low income and those suffering from armed conflict may benefit from the conclusions of this study to ameliorate the medical practice conditions in the setting of such pandemics as COVID-19.

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Syrian Civil War: a systematic review of trauma casualty epidemiology

Cited by 20 publications

References 51 publications

War-related traumatic brain injuries during the Syrian armed conflict in Damascus 2014-2017: a cohort study and a literature review

War-related traumatic brain injuries during the Syrian armed conflict in Damascus 2014-2017: a cohort study and a literature review

Knowledge, stigma, and beliefs toward mental illnesses among schoolteachers in Damascus

Psychological Effects on Healthcare Workers in Syria During COVID-19

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