Synthetic ratiometric fluorescent probes for detection of ions

Abstract

Synthetic ratiometric fluorescent probes are useful to detect metal cations and anions.

An anthracene based fluorescent probe for the selective and sensitive detection of Chromium (III) ions in an aqueous medium and its practical application

“…Recently, fluorescence sensing methods have been very popular for the detection of trace metal analysis compared to the current traditional techniques such as atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) [11][12][13][14][15][16]. Because they have manyadvantages such as operational simplicity, low-cost equipment, real-time detection, high sensitivity, and reproducibility.…”

Subcellular localised small molecule fluorescent probes to image mobile Zn2+

“…Typically, such uorescent chemosensors contain a uorophore (the signal source), a short spacer unit and a receptor (the recognition site). In addition, uorescent probes utilising intermolecular charge transfer (ICT) 15,16 and Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) 17,18 mechanisms have also been widely applied in biology. In the biological environment, uorescent chemosensors are generally involved in a competitive exchange equilibrium with endogenous ligands and proteins and thus detect changes of mobile Zn 2+ pools rather than total cellular zinc levels.…”

Conjugated molecules for colourimetric and fluorimetric sensing of sodium and potassium

“…In order to examine biological samples, dyes have been employed in microscopy for many years and recent advancements in fluorescent materials have been employed in confocal, fluorescence as well as two-photon microscopy with a number of selective fluorescent probes having been developed. 1,2 Two of the most common intra-and extracellular biologically active cations are the sodium and potassium ions, associated with a range of biological processes including propagation of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and regulation of blood pressure. 3 A deviation from a narrow typical concentration range of 100-200 mM for Na + in serum and 4-5 mM for K + in the blood and 140 mM in the intracellular fluid for a healthy individual leads to serious health conditions, 4 thus defining a concentration range on the order of 1-100 mM where accurate and selective measurement of sodium and potassium ions is desirable.…”

“…Ratiometric sensors eliminate some deviceto-device variation and background noise due to the self-referencing measurement of the probe. 1 Vanishingly few Na + and K + sensors show ratiometric colourimetric detection in the visible range of the spectrum and even fewer fluorescent materials show ratiometric detection. [15][16][17] Furthermore, if absorbance and emission can be pushed into the 650-950 nm range or the near infrared over 1100 nm then biological sensing becomes more relevant due to the transparency window of tissue 18 as well as being beyond autofluorescence emission wavelength for almost all common endogenous fluorophores.…”