Synthetic Paths to the Heaviest Elements

Loveland, W.

doi:10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012004

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…+Q-E rot (J)) and ∆ is 4 MeV. A comparison of this formula with data 3,14 shows an excellent agreement between data and predictions. Loveland 3 considered a group of measurements of P CN for hot fusion reactions where E* was 40-50 MeV and found a satisfactory empirical description of the dependence of P CN upon fissility.…”

Section: Complete Fusion Reactionssupporting

confidence: 59%

Synthesis of New Neutron Rich Heavy Nuclei: An Experimentalist’s View

Loveland

2013

Fission and Properties of Neutron-Rich Nuclei

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I attempt to experimentally evaluate the prospects of synthesizing new neutronrich superheavy nuclei. I consider three possible synthetic paths to neutronrich superheavy nuclei: (a) the use of neutron-rich radioactive beams. (b) the use of damped collisions and (c) the use of multi-nucleon transfer reactions. I consider the prospects of synthesizing new n-rich isotopes of Rf-Bh using light n-rich radioactive beams and targeted beams from ReA3, FRIB and SPIRAL2. For the damped collision path, I present the results of a study of a surrogate reaction, 160 Gd + 186 W. These data indicate the formation of Au (trans-target) fragments and the depletion of yields of target-like fragments by fission and fragment emission. The data are compared to predictions of Zagrebaev and Greiner. For the multi-nucleon transfer reactions, the results of a study of the 136 Xe + 208 Pb reaction are discussed. I consider the possibility of multi-nucleon transfer reactions with radioactive beams.

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Section: Complete Fusion Reactionssupporting

confidence: 59%

Synthesis of New Neutron Rich Heavy Nuclei: An Experimentalist’s View

Loveland

2013

Fission and Properties of Neutron-Rich Nuclei

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“…In Figure 6, we compare our measured values of P CN (from this work) to the systematics of P CN values [61] for systems with E * = 40 -50 MeV. (Strictly speaking , since all the systems studied in this work involve E * ∼ 60 MeV, we should scale the measured values to E * = 40 -50 MeV.…”

Section: B Fragment Angular Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Measurement of the fusion probability,PCN, for hot fusion reactions

et al. 2013

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Background: The cross section for forming a heavy evaporation residue in fusion reactions depends on the capture cross section, the fusion probability, P CN , i.e., the probability that the projectile-target system will evolve inside the fission saddle point to form a completely fused system rather than re-separating (quasifission), and the survival of the completely fused system against fission. P CN is the least known of these quantities. Methods: We measured the fission fragment angular distributions for these reactions and used the formalism of Back to deduce the fusion-fission and quasifission cross sections. From these quantities we deduced P CN for each reaction. Conclusions:The new measured values of P CN agree roughly with the semi-empirical systematic dependence of P CN upon fissility for excited nuclei.

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“…Different models assume different variables determine P CN , such as mass asymmetry, or elongation, or both, in time-independent or dynamical approaches, including diffusion [19,21,22]. Their predictions can differ by orders of magnitude [23,24]. This makes it challenging to optimize experiments to produce new elements and isotopes.…”

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confidence: 99%

Mechanisms Suppressing Superheavy Element Yields in Cold Fusion Reactions

et al. 2019

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Superheavy elements are formed in fusion reactions which are hindered by fast nonequilibrium processes. To quantify these, mass-angle distributions and cross sections have been measured, at beam energies from below-barrier to 25% above, for the reactions of 48 Ca, 50 Ti, and 54 Cr with 208 Pb. Moving from 48 Ca to 54 Cr leads to a drastic fall in the symmetric fission yield, which is reflected in the measured massangle distribution by the presence of competing fast nonequilibrium deep inelastic and quasifission processes. These are responsible for reduction of the compound nucleus formation probablity P CN (as measured by the symmetric-peaked fission cross section), by a factor of 2.5 for 50 Ti and 15 for 54 Cr in comparison to 48 Ca. The energy dependence of P CN indicates that cold fusion reactions (involving 208 Pb) are not driven by a diffusion process.

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Synthetic Paths to the Heaviest Elements

Cited by 19 publications

References 56 publications

Synthesis of New Neutron Rich Heavy Nuclei: An Experimentalist’s View

Synthesis of New Neutron Rich Heavy Nuclei: An Experimentalist’s View

Measurement of the fusion probability,PCN, for hot fusion reactions

Mechanisms Suppressing Superheavy Element Yields in Cold Fusion Reactions

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