Synthetic Organic Rodenticides

Pelfrène, Alain F.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-334163-1.50007-3

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 191 publications

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“…Such hepatocellular lesions are suggestive of a metabolic disturbance and hypoxia possibly as a result of anemia. Notably, indandione rodenticides may also be weak uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, which could evoke a more direct toxic effect on hepatocytes (van den Berg and Nauta 1975;Pelfrene 1991). Hemorrhage in major organs and blood vessels was a likely contributor to death, and in some instances, the definitive cause of mortality.…”

Section: Pathological Lesions and Clotting Timementioning

confidence: 97%

Assessment of toxicity and potential risk of the anticoagulant rodenticide diphacinone using Eastern screech-owls (Megascops asio)

Rattner

Horak²,

Lazarus

et al. 2012

Ecotoxicology

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In the United States, new regulatory restrictions have been placed on the use of some second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides. This action may be offset by expanded use of first-generation compounds (e.g., diphacinone; DPN). Single-day acute oral exposure of adult Eastern screech-owls (Megascops asio) to DPN evoked overt signs of intoxication, coagulopathy, histopathological lesions (e.g., hemorrhage, hepatocellular vacuolation), and/or lethality at doses as low as 130 mg/kg body weight, although there was no dose-response relation. However, this single-day exposure protocol does not mimic the multiple-day field exposures required to cause mortality in rodent pest species and non-target birds and mammals. In 7-day feeding trials, similar toxic effects were observed in owls fed diets containing 2.15, 9.55 or 22.6 ppm DPN, but at a small fraction (<5%) of the acute oral dose. In the dietary trial, the average lowest-observed-adverse-effect-level for prolonged clotting time was 1.68 mg DPN/kg owl/week (0.24 mg/kg owl/day; 0.049 mg/owl/day) and the lowest lethal dose was 5.75 mg DPN/kg owl/week (0.82 mg/kg owl/day). In this feeding trial, DPN concentration in liver ranged from 0.473 to 2.21 μg/g wet weight, and was directly related to the daily and cumulative dose consumed by each owl. A probabilistic risk assessment indicated that daily exposure to as little as 3-5 g of liver from DPN-poisoned rodents for 7 days could result in prolonged clotting time in the endangered Hawaiian short-eared owl (Asio flammeus sandwichensis) and Hawaiian hawk (Buteo solitarius), and daily exposure to greater quantities (9-13 g of liver) could result in low-level mortality. These findings can assist natural resource managers in weighing the costs and benefits of anticoagulant rodenticide use in pest control and eradication programs.

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Section: Pathological Lesions and Clotting Timementioning

confidence: 97%

Assessment of toxicity and potential risk of the anticoagulant rodenticide diphacinone using Eastern screech-owls (Megascops asio)

Rattner

Horak²,

Lazarus

et al. 2012

Ecotoxicology

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“…Aside from our previous report,1 only eight communications of neurological complications of FA poisoning exist 5 – 7 9 10 12 – 14. Trabes et al described a patient with cerebellar dysfunction in whom diffuse atrophy involving the cerebral and cerebellar cortices was seen on CT 10.…”

mentioning

confidence: 75%

“…The pharmacological properties of FA have been studied extensively,3 12 16 26 – 28 but literature on FEA per se is lacking. FEA is the ethyl ester form of FA, and its toxicity is believed to be the de-esterified metabolite, FA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…FA is an inhibitor of cellular respiration like CO and cyanide. Thus, it is not surprising to find reports of global encephalopathy or seizure resulting from FA intoxication 5 – 7 9 10 12 – 14. However, a patient reported by McTaggart and Pridmore experienced prolonged cardiac arrest for 10 min, which might have caused brain damage via a different mechanism than that of FA, which may have complicated the picture 6 9.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Survivors from -fluoroethyl acetate poisoning show a selective cerebellar syndrome

Kim

Jeon²

2009

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

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“…Sodium fluoroacetate also has systemic effects, including acidaemia, hypoxaemia and energy deprivation, and cardiotoxic effects (e.g. Osweiler et al 1985;Pelfrene 1991), all of which can influence breathing. Also, increased muscular activity during seizures could be expected to elevate the breathing rate.…”

Section: Clinical Signs and Behavioural Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behaviour and time to unconsciousness of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) after a lethal or sublethal dose of 1080

et al. 2009

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Context. Sodium fluoroacetate (1080) is a vertebrate pesticide used in several countries, including New Zealand, where it is the main pesticide for controlling brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula)a significant agricultural and conservation pest. There is growing concern internationally about the impacts of vertebrate pesticides, including 1080, on pest animal welfare.Aims. Behavioural changes and time to loss of consciousness of possums after 1080 ingestion in carrot baits were determined to compare the animal welfare impacts with other possum pesticides.Methods. Eight lethally dosed possums and eight that consumed a dose intended to be sublethal were observed until death or recovery but not handled. Another nine lethally dosed possums were handled to determine responses to stimuli, indicating time to loss of consciousness.Key results. Unhandled, lethally dosed possums died after 11 h 26 min AE 1 h 55 min (mean AE s.e.m.). Half had abnormal appearances and postures 1 h 50 min AE 9 min after consuming baits. Seven showed retching, and three vomited, over 27 AE 12 min from 2 h 53 min AE 13 min. Lack of coordination began 3 h 37 min AE 32 min after dosing, then possums spent most of the time until death lying, showing spasms and tremors. Five showed seizures while lying prostrate. Possums receiving a nominally sublethal dose all showed signs of poisoning, including abnormal postures, lethargy, lack coordination, retching, spasms or tremors, and a cessation of grooming, feeding and activity. One died 18 h 15 min after dosing, experiencing two seizures within 30 min of death. Response to handling, indicating total loss of consciousness, was lost in two possums before death.Conclusions. Possums ingesting a lethal dose of 1080 experienced~9.5 h of changed behaviour and lost consciousness close to death, although awareness was likely reduced sometime beforehand. Possums ingesting a nominally sublethal dose experienced some effects of poisoning.Implications. These impacts are intermediate compared with other possum pesticides in New Zealand. Nevertheless, the potential for consciousness during and after retching and seizures is undesirable for animal welfare. Further work is encouraged on alternatives to 1080 and means of reducing its impact on animal welfare.

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Synthetic Organic Rodenticides

Cited by 10 publications

References 191 publications

Assessment of toxicity and potential risk of the anticoagulant rodenticide diphacinone using Eastern screech-owls (Megascops asio)

Assessment of toxicity and potential risk of the anticoagulant rodenticide diphacinone using Eastern screech-owls (Megascops asio)

Survivors from -fluoroethyl acetate poisoning show a selective cerebellar syndrome

Behaviour and time to unconsciousness of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) after a lethal or sublethal dose of 1080

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