Synthetic musks in the natural environment: Sources, occurrence, concentration, and fate-A review of recent developments (2010–2023)

AQUA-GAPS/MONET-Derived Concentrations and Trends of PAHs and Polycyclic Musks across Global Waters

“…Similar to PAHs, PCMs have been widely measured in environmental media. − The environmental partitioning of PCMs is similar to that of 2 and 3-ring PAHs due to similar physicochemical properties and persistence, , however, their sources differ. Wastewater effluents are the main source of PCMs to the aquatic environment as a result of their use in personal care products .…”

“…20 However, there are limited chronic aquatic toxicity data and global measurements in water are available predominately for Western Europe and Eastern China. 19 In the present study, we present results on PAHs and PCMs from across the world. While prior studies have been able to measure PAHs and PCMs in different water bodies, either via active or passive sampling, a multitude of sampling, analytical, quality control and instrumental approaches have been used, making comparisons among study results challenging.…”

“…Environmental risk assessments suggest the widely used PCMs, galaxolide, and tonalide have Risk Quotients <0.1 in surface waters, indicating a low risk to aquatic organisms . However, there are limited chronic aquatic toxicity data and global measurements in water are available predominately for Western Europe and Eastern China …”