Synthetic Musk Fragrances in Lake Erie and Lake Ontario Sediment Cores

Abstract

Two sediment cores collected from Lake Ontario and Lake Erie were sectioned, dated, and analyzed for five polycyclic musk fragrances and two nitro musk fragrances. The polycyclic musk fragrances were HHCB (Galaxolide), AHTN (Tonalide), ATII (Traseolide), ADBI (Celestolide), and AHMI (Phantolide). The nitro musk fragrances were musk ketone and musk xylene. Chemical analysis was performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and results from Lake Erie were confirmed using gas chromatography/triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). The chemical signals observed at the two sampling locations were different from each other primarily because of large differences in the sedimentation rates at the two sampling locations. HHCB was detected in the Lake Erie core whereas six compounds were detected in the Lake Ontario core. Using measured fragrance and 210Pb activity, the burden of synthetic musk fragrances estimated from these sediment cores is 1900 kg in Lake Erie and 18 000 kg in Lake Ontario. The input of these compounds to the lakes is increasing. The HHCB accumulation rates in Lake Erie for 1979-2003 and 1990-2003 correspond to doubling times of 16 +/- 4 and 8 +/- 2 years, respectively. The results reflect current U.S. production trends for the sum of all fragrance compounds.

Screening level ecological risk assessment for synthetic musks in surface water of Lake Taihu, China

“…Since then, SM have been detected in most environmental matrices, including air (Xie et al 2007), marine water (Xie et al 2007), lake water (Peck and Hornbuckle 2004), sediment (Peck et al 2006), Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00477-012-0581-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. and sewage sludge (Shek et al 2008;Hu et al 2011b) due to their extensive use.…”

Development and application of a methodology for screening, on the basis of the carcinogenic (H7), toxic for reproduction (H10) and mutagenic (H11) criteria of the latest European legislation, hazardous vs. non-hazardous sediments to be disposed of on land

“…Our study does not however imply that the sediments analysed may not cause aquatic risks to species or communities living in or in contact with these sediments. The list of analytes included in the data bases does not indeed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 include a series of organic substances found in sediments and causing adverse environmental effects, synthetic musks for instance (Peck et al 2006;Gooding et al 2006), dioxins, or perfluorinated and polybrominated compounds. However, the bioactive compounds in sediments cannot always be detected by traditional instrumental analyses (Mazurová et al 2010) and they are not all included in the list of dangerous substances on the basis of which the hazardous character of wastes is determined.…”

Aquatic Processes and Systems in PerspectiveEnvironmental sources, occurrence, and effects of synthetic musk fragrances

“…Two studies have evaluated these compounds in dated sediment cores. 57,58 Heim et al 57 examined a sediment core from a riparian wetland in Germany that covered dates from 1930 to 1986. HHCB and AHTN first appeared in the sediment around 1965.…”

“…They may have volatilized, been degraded by microbial or chemical processes, or leached into water. 47,55 and surficial [56][57][58][59] sediments with typical concentrations ranging from E0.5 ng g À1 dry to E500 ng g À1 dry mass.…”