Synthetic heterocyclic derivatives as promising xanthine oxidase inhibitors: An overview

Abstract

Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (XO) is an effective and most prominent therapeutic approach for the management of gout. Discovery of its association in the pathophysiology of diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, etc., widened its therapeutic horizons. Limited drug candidates in clinical practice along with side effects forced researchers to develop more efficacious and safer XO inhibitors for the management of gout and other disorders associated with XO hyperactivity. In this regard, this review focus on (a) various drug candidates in clinical practice and under clinical trials, (b) Development of various heterocyclic motifs as XO inhibitors in last two decades and (c) various patented synthetic XO inhibitors.

Benzoik Asitli Kalkonların Ksantin Oksidaz İnhibitörü Üzerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi

“…19,20 XO inhibitors from many different groups have been reported in the literature. 21 The derivatives of some chalcones were reported as strong xanthine oxidase inhibitors. [22][23][24] In this study, we tested some chalcones to determine their inhibitor potentials against this enzyme activity at 1-25 µM concentrations.…”

Therapeutic voyage of synthetic and natural xanthine oxidase inhibitors

“…In the past years, many reviews have been published on XO inhibitors. However, the focus of the reviews was synthetic heterocyclic compounds (Kaur et al, 2022), the clinical effects of XO inhibitors (Cicero et al, 2021), analytical methods (Xu et al, 2015) or patents and clinical developments (Singh et al, 2020). Our goal with this review is to provide a much more in‐depth knowledge of XO inhibitors summarizing the most current XO inhibitors from numerous natural and synthetic sources.…”

Synthesis of Quinazolin‐2,4,6‐triamine Derivatives as Non‐purine Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors and Exploration of Their Toxicological Potential**

“…Considering previous results, it is necessary the development of novel non‐purine XO inhibitor with better safety profiles that could be used to relieve associated side effects. With this intention, some derivatives of benzofurane, chalcone, coumarin, nicotinamide, pyrazole, pyrimidine, thiazole, and triazole have been investigated as XO inhibitors [16] …”

“…With this intention, some derivatives of benzofurane, chalcone, coumarin, nicotinamide, pyrazole, pyrimidine, thiazole, and triazole have been investigated as XO inhibitors. [16] In this study, we considered quinazoline nucleus because it is part of inhibitors of nucleic acid metabolism enzymes, such as pteridine reductase, dihydrofolate reductase, EGFR tyrosine kinase. [17][18][19][20] Our research group used this scaffold to search leads against protozoan that cause neglected diseases, and cytotoxic agents against some cancer cell lines.…”