Synthetic cannabinoid use among college students

Mathews, Eva; Jeffries, Emily R.; Hsieh, Chaur‐Heh; Jones, Glenn N.; Buckner, Julia D.

doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.02.009

Cited by 24 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 35 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…When compared with the lifetime use of cannabis (ranging between one quarter and one third of the global population), SCRA use currently appears to be lower . More recent evidence from a study investigating SCRA use among college students (n = 1140) in the United States indicates that the availability, legislative control status, and poor detectability in drug screening tests are common incentives for SCRA use in this population . Importantly, the growing use of SCRAs among vulnerable and marginalized population groups, including homeless and incarcerated individuals, is a growing cause for concern and has been highlighted in recent literature …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8 More recent evidence from a study investigating SCRA use among college students (n = 1140) in the United States indicates that the availability, legislative control status, and poor detectability in drug screening tests are common incentives for SCRA use in this population. 15 Importantly, the growing use of SCRAs among vulnerable and marginalized population groups, including homeless and incarcerated individuals, is a growing cause for concern and has been highlighted in recent literature. [16][17][18][19] Since 2008, multiple cases of morbidity and mortality, which are not typically observed following the consumption of cannabis, 20,21 have been associated with the recreational use of products containing indole and/or indazole SCRAs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Adding more “spice” to the pot: A review of the chemistry and pharmacology of newly emerging heterocyclic synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists

Alam

Keating

2020

Drug Testing and Analysis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) first appeared on the international recreational drug market in the early 2000s in the form of SCRA‐containing herbal blends. Due to the cannabimimetic effects associated with the consumption of SCRAs, they have acquired an ill‐informed reputation for being cheap, safe, and legal alternatives to illicit cannabis. Possessing high potency and affinity for the human cannabinoid receptor subtype‐1 (CB1) and ‐2 (CB2), it is now understood that the recreational use of SCRAs can have severe adverse health consequences. The major public health problem arising from SCRA use has pressed legislators around the world to employ various control strategies to curb their recreational use. To circumvent legislative control measures, SCRA manufacturers have created a wide range of SCRA analogs that contain, more recently, previously unencountered azaindole, γ‐carbolinone, or carbazole heterocyclic scaffolds. At present, little information is available regarding the chemical syntheses of these newly emerging classes of SCRA, from a clandestine perspective. When compared with previous generations of indole‐ and indazole‐type SCRAs, current research suggests that many of these heterocyclic SCRA analogs maintain high affinity and efficacy at both CB1 and CB2 but largely evade legislative control. This review highlights the importance of continued research in the field of SCRA chemistry and pharmacology, as recreational SCRA use remains a global public health issue and represents a serious control challenge for law enforcement agencies.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adding more “spice” to the pot: A review of the chemistry and pharmacology of newly emerging heterocyclic synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists

Alam

Keating

2020

Drug Testing and Analysis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The packaging, which is often colorful in appearance and has familiar characters (cartoons, movies, etc. ), is designed to attract teens and young adults, and is presented as a legal alternative to marijuana (Mathews, Jeffries, Hsieh, Jones, & Buckner, ; Seely et al, ). However, synthetic cannabinoids elicit effects more severe than those triggered by THC; for example, the consumption of synthetic cannabinoids has been attributed to acute kidney injury, anxiety, cardiovascular abnormalities, hallucinations, nausea, psychosis, and death (Gurney, Scott, Kacinko, Presley, & Logan, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase I metabolism of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist PX‐1 (5F‐APP‐PICA) via incubation with human liver microsomes and UHPLC–HRMS

Presley

Logan

Jansen‐Varnum

2020

Biomedical Chromatography

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Studies of the metabolic and pharmacological profiles of indole carboxamide synthetic cannabinoids (a prevalent class of new psychoactive substances) are critical in ensuring that their use can be detected through bioanalytical testing. We have determined the in vitro Phase I metabolism of one such compound, PX‐1 (5F‐APP‐PICA), and appropriate markers to demonstrate human consumption. PX‐1 was incubated with human liver microsomes, followed by analysis of the extracts via high‐resolution mass spectrometry. A total of 10 metabolites were identified, with simultaneous defluorination and monohydroxylation of the pentyl side chain as the primary biotransformation product (M1). Additional metabolites formed were hydroxylation products of the indole and benzyl moieties, distal amide hydrolysis, N‐desfluoropentyl, and carboxypentyl metabolites. Three monohydroxylated metabolites specific to PX‐1 were identified and are reported for the first time in this study. The primary metabolite, M1, was further oxidized to M5, a carboxypentyl metabolite. M8 is PX‐1 specific, possessing an intact fluoropentyl side chain. These three metabolites are the most suitable for implementation into bioanalytical assays for demonstrating PX‐1 consumption. The findings of this study can be used by analytical scientists and medical professionals to determine PX‐1 ingestion and predict the metabolites of synthetic cannabinoids sharing structural elements.

show abstract

“…1 SC, commonly known as synthetic marijuana, spice, K2, black magic, or crazy clown, are being increasingly abused, especially among high school students. 2 They have marijuana-like effects and are not detectable by routine urine drug screen. SC chemical composition differ, as they lack delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the key component of cannabinoids.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiac arrest associated with synthetic cannabinoid use and acquired prolonged QTc interval: A case report and review of literature

Ahmed

Khan

See

et al. 2020

HeartRhythm Case Reports

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Synthetic cannabinoid use among college students

Cited by 24 publications

References 35 publications

Adding more “spice” to the pot: A review of the chemistry and pharmacology of newly emerging heterocyclic synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists

Adding more “spice” to the pot: A review of the chemistry and pharmacology of newly emerging heterocyclic synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists

Phase I metabolism of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist PX‐1 (5F‐APP‐PICA) via incubation with human liver microsomes and UHPLC–HRMS

Cardiac arrest associated with synthetic cannabinoid use and acquired prolonged QTc interval: A case report and review of literature

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About