Synthetic Cannabinoid Abuse in Adolescents: A Case Series

Besli, Gülser Esen; Ikiz, Mehmet Alper; Yıldırım, Şükran; Saltik, Selcuk

doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.06.053

Cited by 55 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…In particular, reports from a number of clinical case studies have documented markedly greater toxicity following acute use of K2/Spice than marijuana, across a broad number of organ/tissue systems, including gastrointestinal [1, 3, 25–27], neurological [3, 26, 28–42], cardiovascular [34, 36, 37, 43–46] and renal [47–49]. Furthermore, although development of dependence to marijuana is rare, chronic use of SCBs can lead to tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal [50–52].…”

Section: Scb Toxicity In Humans - Comparison To δ9-thcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic Pot: Not Your Grandfather’s Marijuana

Ford

Tai

Fantegrossi

et al. 2017

Trends in Pharmacological Sciences

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In the early 2000’s in Europe and shortly thereafter in the USA, it was reported that “legal” forms of marijuana were being sold under the name K2 and/or Spice. Active ingredients in K2/Spice products were determined to be synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs), producing psychotropic actions via CB1 cannabinoid receptors, similar to those of Δ9-THC, the primary active constituent in marijuana. Often abused by adolescents and military personnel to elude detection in drug tests due to their lack of structural similarity to Δ9-THC, SCBs are falsely marketed as safe marijuana substitutes. Instead, SCBs are a highly structural diverse group of compounds, easily synthesized, which produce very dangerous adverse effects occurring by, as of yet, unknown mechanisms. Therefore, available evidence indicates that K2/Spice products are clearly not safe marijuana alternatives.

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Section: Scb Toxicity In Humans - Comparison To δ9-thcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic Pot: Not Your Grandfather’s Marijuana

Ford

Tai

Fantegrossi

et al. 2017

Trends in Pharmacological Sciences

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“…[1][2][3][4][5]14 Olgu 1'de uyuşukluk, konuşma bozukluğu ve sedasyon gibi psikoaktif etkiler saptanırken, Olgu 2'de sinirlilik, ajitasyon gibi psikoaktif etkiler göz-lenmiştir. Fiziksel etki olarak her iki olguda da taşi-kardi ve konfüzyon saptanırken, Olgu 1'de ek olarak gözlerde kızarıklık olduğu görülmüştür.…”

Section: Olguunclassified

“…2,6,14 Besli ve ark.nın yaptık-ları çalışmada, hastaların %60'ında hiperglisemi, %40'ında CK yüksekliği, %13'ünde metabolik asidoz saptandığı bildirilmiştir.…”

Section: Olguunclassified

Two Adolescents with ''Bonsai'' Intoxication Confirmed by Toxicology Screen in the Pediatric Emergency Department

Yurtseven¹,

Kılınç²,

Küçük³

et al. 2016

Turkiye Klinikleri J Pediatr

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“…Except for a small number of epidemiological surveys describing SCRA use (Barratt, Cakic, & Lenton, 2013; Castellanos, Singh, Thornton, Avila, & Moreno, 2011; Caviness, Tzilos, Anderson, & Stein, 2015; Hu, Primack, Barnett, & Cook, 2011; Johnson, Johnson, & Portier, 2013; Vandrey, Dunn, Fry, & Girling, 2012; Winstock & Barratt, 2013a, 2013b), most of this literature informs either the neuropharmacology and neurophysiology of these products (Grigoryev, et al, 2011; Kavanagh, Grigoryev, Savchuk, Mikhura, & Formanovsky, 2013) or the adverse effects observed on emergency department patients (Besli, Ikiz, Yildirim, & Saltik, 2015; Bonar, Ashrafioun, & Ilgen, 2014; Johnson, et al, 2013; Tait, Caldicott, Mountain, Hill, & Lenton, 2016). Collecting information regarding SCRA patterns of use and related effects remains challenging because SCRA users are sometimes difficult to reach through conventional epidemiological surveillance methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increases in synthetic cannabinoids-related harms: Results from a longitudinal web-based content analysis

Lamy

Daniulaityte

Nahhas

et al. 2017

International Journal of Drug Policy

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Background Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists (SCRA), also known as “K2” or “Spice,” have drawn considerable attention due to their potential of abuse and harmful consequences. More research is needed to understand user experiences of SCRA-related effects. We use semiautomated information processing techniques through eDrugTrends platform to examine SCRA-related effects and their variations through a longitudinal content analysis of web-forum data. Method English language posts from three drug-focused web-forums were extracted and analyzed between January 1st 2008 and September 30th 2015. Search terms are based on the Drug Abuse Ontology (DAO) created for this study (189 SCRA-related and 501 effect-related terms). EDrugTrends NLP-based text processing tools were used to extract posts mentioning SCRA and their effects. Generalized linear regression was used to fit restricted cubic spline functions of time to test whether the proportion of drug-related posts that mention SCRA (and no other drug) and the proportion of these “SCRA-only” posts that mention SCRA effects have changed over time, with an adjustment for multiple testing. Results 19,052 SCRA-related posts (Bluelight (n=2,782), Forum A (n=3,882), and Forum B (n=12,388)) posted by 2,543 international users were extracted. The most frequently mentioned effects were “getting high” (44.0%), “hallucinations” (10.8%), and “anxiety” (10.2%). The frequency of SCRA-only posts declined steadily over the study period. The proportions of SCRA-only posts mentioning positive effects (e.g., “High” and “Euphoria”) steadily decreased, while the proportions of SCRA-only posts mentioning negative effects (e.g., “Anxiety,” “Nausea,” “Overdose”) increased over the same period. Conclusion This study's findings indicate that the proportion of negative effects mentioned in web forum posts and linked to SCRA has increased over time, suggesting that recent generations of SCRA generate more harms. This is also one of the first studies to conduct automated content analysis of web forum data related to illicit drug use.

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Synthetic Cannabinoid Abuse in Adolescents: A Case Series

Cited by 55 publications

References 18 publications

Synthetic Pot: Not Your Grandfather’s Marijuana

Synthetic Pot: Not Your Grandfather’s Marijuana

Two Adolescents with ''Bonsai'' Intoxication Confirmed by Toxicology Screen in the Pediatric Emergency Department

Increases in synthetic cannabinoids-related harms: Results from a longitudinal web-based content analysis

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