Synthetic auxin herbicide 2,4-D and its influence on a model BY-2 suspension

Toxicity Assessment of 36 Herbicides to Green Algae: Effects of Mode of Action and Chemical Family

“…Some herbicides pose a risk of long-term environmental pollution due to various chemical properties such as volatility, water solubility, degradation velocity, and application method. Despite being low in toxicity to green algae, 2,4-D butylate can lead to serious crop poisoning incidents due to its high volatility [28]. This herbicide exhibits strong adhesion to plant surfaces and can volatilize into a gaseous state at temperatures as low as 15 • C [28].…”

“…Despite being low in toxicity to green algae, 2,4-D butylate can lead to serious crop poisoning incidents due to its high volatility [28]. This herbicide exhibits strong adhesion to plant surfaces and can volatilize into a gaseous state at temperatures as low as 15 • C [28]. During pesticide spraying, larger droplets settle on the ground, while smaller droplets, less than 100 mm in diameter, can drift downwind for considerable distances [28].…”

“…This herbicide exhibits strong adhesion to plant surfaces and can volatilize into a gaseous state at temperatures as low as 15 • C [28]. During pesticide spraying, larger droplets settle on the ground, while smaller droplets, less than 100 mm in diameter, can drift downwind for considerable distances [28]. As the mist containing 2,4-D butylate travels, moisture in the droplets evaporates rapidly, leaving behind a gaseous herbicide that can be carried further by the wind.…”